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Ruminants feed on too much concentrate
Core Tip: Ruminants can convert plant fibers that cannot be digested by other animals into volatile fatty acids through decomposition and supply them with autogenous needs. They can also convert non-protein nitrogen from feed to high-quality protein and convert it into meat and milk. This function is achieved by the "constancy of the rumen" formed by the coordination of rumen microbes and animal physiology. This “constant in the rumenâ€, if disturbed, will cause diseases such as ketosis, ammonia poisoning, nitrite poisoning, rumen hernia, pre-gastric relaxation, and metabolic acidosis. In recent years, with the development of the raising of cattle and sheep, in order to increase the milk production of cattle and sheep and the rapid fattening of cattle and sheep, most of the cattle and sheep are fed with concentrated feed, sometimes even without roughage. The feeding and management methods of non-grass feedstuffs feed cattle and sheep, causing disorders in the “constant in the rumen†of cattle and sheep, which can lead to various diseases. This article discusses this issue and conducts an in-depth analysis of the related diseases caused by it, advising farmers to pay attention to the rational mix of roughage in the production process. Acute Ruminal Acidosis Excessive intake of high-carbohydrate diets (such as corn, barley, oats, potatoes, millet, or sorghum) by ruminants results in elevated lactic acid levels in the rumen content and a decrease in pH. According to data, when the pH of the ruminal contents drops to about 5.0, salivary secretion and rumen motility are suppressed, so that the amount of saliva that neutralizes and dilute the acid decreases, and the pH of the rumen content also decreases. Due to the weakening of rumen motility, the contents of rumen are transported to the valve and the stomach is delayed. As a result, the rumen contents with high acidity and high osmotic pressure stay in the rumen for a long time, which leads to more serious dehydration, and the inhibition of salivary secretion and rumen motility is inhibited. Become the basis of a vicious circle. This phenomenon exists for a long time, not only causes dehydration, blood concentration, acidosis, but also damage the rumen mucosa, causing inflammation, bleeding or nipple off, while the rumen wall is vulnerable to feed debris damage, infection, bacteria from the wound into the blood, Causes metastatic abscesses (common liver abscesses). When the pH of the rumen content falls to 3.88, the amount of lactic acid can reach 2.9 g/100 ml. As the amount of lactic acid increases, the osmotic pressure of the rumen fluid increases significantly, causing a large amount of body fluids to infiltrate into the rumen with high osmotic pressure through the rumen wall. The body is rapidly dehydrated, and the hematocrit is increased by 40-50% in a short time. Meanwhile, The lactic acid in the rumen is gradually absorbed by the blood, increasing the blood lactate content and causing acidosis. This dehydration and acidosis can be formed in a short period of time. It has been reported that cows that eat crushed corn or barley can cause severe death of the diseased cows in about 30 minutes due to acute acidosis in the blood. Rumen Keratosis - Rumenitis - Hepatic Abscess Syndrome On the study of rumen parakeratosis, Smith Smith first reported abroad that he investigated 1807 fattening cattle who had been fed a high-carb diet of barley and found that it was on the rumen mucosa. Almost all lesions are present, and most cow rumen lesions and liver abscesses occur in combination. There are seven kinds of rumen mucosal lesions he found, namely attached feed; erosion, pigmentation; ulcers; scarring; papillary abscesses and epithelial hyperplasia; incomplete papillary adhesions; submucosal tissues form nodules. Later, Jin Sen's histopathological study of rumen mucosal lesions, he found that the rumen mucosa parakeratosis, the stratum corneum residual nuclei, he called this lesion the rumen mucosa parakeratosis. And he affirms that liver abscess is caused by necrotic anaerobic filamentous bacteria in the rumen that invade from the rumen lesions and enters the liver through the portal arteries. Ruminal insufficiency - Rumenitis - liver abscess syndrome has also attracted attention in Japan, the relevant department conducted a survey in Miyagi, the results show that the disease has a high incidence and serious condition, in 272 slaughtered cattle, each The incidence of these lesions was: 61.8% of parakeratosis, 22.1% of acute rumor, 7% of liver abscess, 6.6% of chronic gastritis, 2.5% of ruminal ulcer and scarring, and found that the weight of cattle suffering from this syndrome was increased. Slowly, the amount and grade of muscles in the extremities decreased significantly, and pronegastric relaxation, valve obstruction and other diseases were prone to occur. Many people later discussed the causes of this syndrome. First of all, Ginseng's method of artificially manufacturing rumen-keratoses has been successfully achieved by using more concentrated materials. Many people pursued the test and obtained the same result. Therefore, it has been determined that there is too much fine material, and the lack or shortage of coarse material is the cause of rumen hypokeratosis. Regarding the pathogenesis of rumen-keratosis, Kinsen believes that due to excessive feeding of high-carbohydrate feed, the concentration of lactic acid in the rumen content is increased, salivary secretion and rumen motility are suppressed, and rumen content with high acidity and high osmotic pressure is made. The substance accumulates in the rumen and reticulum for a long time, and its stimulatory effect directly affects the keratinization of the epithelial cells of the rumen mucosa, and the structure is abnormal. The feed easily adheres to the surface of the non-keratinized nipple due to its mechanical and chemical stimulation. This causes dermatitis, bleeding, ulcers, and even perforation, and bacteria invade the blood, causing metastatic abscesses and worsening the condition. Some people have also conducted research on rumen-keratinized insufficiency from other perspectives. After using barley-based feed to cause severe rumen-keratosis, the sodium bicarbonate is injected into the rumen to increase the pH of the rumen content. As a result, the condition is reduced. This indicates the significance of the decrease in the pH of the rumen content in rumen-keratoses. There have also been tests on the shape of high-carbohydrate feeds and the matching of roughage feeds. It has been confirmed that if feeds of various types are not crushed and they are fed in granular form, they will not cause disease, but they will have the disadvantage of being excessive and wasteful; if roughage is used, 10% of the proportion with the crushed high-carbohydrate feed is not a disease; however, if the raw meal is crushed into powder or granules or cut too crushed, it is still onset. This test illustrates the importance of roughage in the feeding of dairy cows or beef cattle and in the prevention of parakeratosis in the rumen. Because roughage has a certain hardness, it moves in the rumen along with rumen movement, rubs against the rumen wall, enhances the vigor of the nipple and increases the thickness of the rumen wall, thereby strengthening the ruminal contractility and exercise capacity. In addition, it can stimulate rumination, increase salivation, dilute and neutralize excess acidic substances, keep the pH of the rumen content constant, and enable the rumen content to enter the valve-stomach and subsequent digestion from the rumen and reticulum. Road. Abdominal ailments According to reports from domestic and international sources in recent years, there is a significant increase in atrophic stomach ailments (such as alimentary food, distorted or twisted abomasum, and atrophy). This may be due to excessive feeding of concentrates. Smith's research has confirmed that the occurrence of atrophic ulcers and ulcers is associated with excessive feeding of high carbohydrate feeds. When this kind of feed is fed too much, it will cause ruminal acidosis. After the rumen content with high acidity and high osmotic pressure enters the abomasum, it will cause chronic irritations to the rugosacral mucosa and cause ulcers and erosions. A number of recent studies have confirmed that wrinkle disorientation occurs on the basis of reduced wrinkles, relaxation, expansion, or gas accumulation. Some people think that the oppression of the enlarged uterus of pregnancy can make wrinkles relax, expand, accumulate and displace. However, this disease also occurs in non-pregnant cattle or bulls. Therefore, pregnancy cannot be considered as an important cause of this disease. On this issue, Smith observed that he found that the frequency of contractions in the rumen, reticulum, and abomasum decreased when feeding more cereals. He injected the ruminal contents of a cow fed with too many cereal feeds into the abomasum of other cattle, reducing the frequency of abomasum contraction to 1/4. He also found that the volatile fatty acids in the rumen content play an important role in regulating the motor function of the stomach. When he thinks that a large amount of cereal feed is given, the contents of the pellets become smaller due to the rapid fermentation of the rumen, and the outflow rate is accelerated, rapidly entering the abomasum, resulting in an increase in the concentration of volatile fatty acids in the contents of the atrophy, and inhibiting the atrophic movement. Stagnation of the contents of the abomasum produces a large amount of gas that causes the abomasum to expand or displace. The reduction in milk fat percentage and the level of milk fat content depend on the quality and quantity of feed given. Powell has reported that giving more concentrate and limiting raw material can reduce the fat percentage by 60%. Since then, people have conducted research on this issue from the aspects of feed, feeding methods, etc., and searched for the cause of the decrease in the fat rate caused by high carbohydrate feeds. It is considered that the production of propionic acid in the rumen is higher than that of acetic acid, that is, the ratio of acetic acid and propionic acid is reduced to less than 2 as the main reason for the decrease in the fat percentage. First, due to excessive feeding of high-carbohydrate diets, production of propionic acid increases, and hepatic glucose production increases, resulting in a large amount of glucose and oxaloacetate, and the introduction of acetic acid, butyric acid, and beta-hydroxybutyric acid into the milk fat raw materials in the blood. The oxidation process leads to insufficient supply of raw materials for the production of milk fatty acids in the mammary gland. Second, as a result of feeding high-carbohydrate diets, increased production of propionic acid, increased hepatic glucose production, increased blood glucose levels, and thus increased insulin secretion, resulting in the higher fatty acids in milk fat raw materials in the blood, accumulate in adipose tissue, and supply to the mammary gland. cut back. In summary, ruminants feed too much concentrate, not only can cause ruminal acidosis, ruminal insufficiency - rumenitis - liver abscess syndrome, wrinkled stomach disease and reduced milk fat, but also can cause grain bloat, hoof The diseases such as leaf inflammation, anterior gastric relaxation, valve-stomach obstruction, and rumen plot food, seriously affect the health and economic benefits of ruminant livestock. The farmers should pay attention to the reasonable collocation of crude feed in the production process.