Fine Pig Technology

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Fu Kaixing proposed a fine pig raising theory, which is an organic combination of scientific pig raising theory and practice. Whether it is macro-control or micro-processing, it must strictly abide by the laws of science and ignore every detail. Here is my theory. understanding. First, the macroscopic fine macro is reflected in pig farm design, species selection, personnel training, business management model, etc. These are all must be taken into account at the beginning of the construction of the site. Every one is not in place, mistakes will be in the future. Production management causes irreparable losses. The macro fineness is the layout on the go (or the array on the battlefield). Each piece has been accurately calculated, and one loses all. (I) Pig farm design Pig farm design is a one-time job. It requires designers to think in terms of geographical environment, farm scale, management model, and development ideas. For example, cold areas must consider winter insulation, and hot areas must consider summer cooling. Large-scale swine farms must consider a reasonable layout, convenient turnover, phased construction must consider the orientation of the first phase of the project, and later on the impact of construction on production, pig farms in dense areas must consider strict defense facilities. Each of these professional designers can take into account, but some details are easily overlooked by people, I think there are the following: 1, in cold winter room ventilation ventilation in many farms are now there are many winter ventilation bad ventilation Phenomenon that the frequent maintenance of high humidity and severe fouling air has a very negative impact on the growth of pigs (mainly piglets). Piglets grow slowly, the disease continues, and even a large number of deaths cause serious losses in production. Because the design is irrational. In the production process, it has also used various means to make up for it, but with little success, it is difficult to rebuild it again. If the ventilation and ventilation problems are taken into account in the design, there will not be so much trouble. 2. Disinfection problem in winter in the severe cold area Approaching vehicles Disinfecting tires through disinfection tanks is a must-handling procedure, but this approach cannot be achieved in areas with minus 30 degrees. Some farms use machine spray to disinfect tires. Since each type of disinfectant cannot kill all pathogens, the disinfection area often becomes an artificial source of infection. However, if we restrict the purchase of pig vehicles outside the walls of the site during the design of the site, the design of the feed stock or the finished product warehouse avoids these disinfection procedures, so these problems are much simpler. 3. Hot summer heatstroke prevention in summer In many areas, summer heatstroke protection is mainly used for water, and frequent water supply and storage have brought pressure. If this is not taken into account in the construction of the site, sewage treatment in the summer will cause many operators to suffer badly. Today farmers find it and look for environmental protection tomorrow. Operators' energy cannot be concentrated in production. The impact on production is conceivable. And knowing. 4. The benefits of unitized rearing and full-entry, full-entry, unit-based rearing, and full-entry farming for disease prevention on farms and improvement of production levels have been accepted by the vast majority of pig farmers, but many farms cannot be managed due to design factors. However, it will take time and effort to rebuild and increase costs. If this is taken into consideration when building a site, there will be no such trouble. 5. During the expansion of farms for expansion of pig farms, construction workers and keepers were mixed together. The number of people entering and exiting the vehicle was complex and brought a lot of inconvenience to disease prevention, and even caused widespread disease. This requires planning and various problems during design. Taking into account, you can avoid unnecessary trouble. In 2000, a pig farm in Hebei province was brought into the fifth disease during the expansion; in the summer of 2002, circovirus disease occurred after the expansion of the distant farms, all of which brought considerable losses to production. Other influencing factors include traffic information and urban expansion areas. Therefore, when designing on a farm, it must be more elaborate. (B) Variety selection Variety selection is second only to the big problem of pig farm design. It will affect the long-term. Once you feel uncomfortable, you need to change your health. In the introduction of China's varieties also experienced a lot of unsuccessful, such as the introduction of Dika pig, due to severe atrophic rhinitis caused by the future can not be promoted. Pitlan pigs have a high lean percentage, but they are discouraged because some pig farmers are too stressful. PIC is an excellent supporting breed of pigs, but due to the high requirements, some farms have suffered large-scale spread of respiratory diseases after introduction, resulting in heavy losses. In the past few years, after the introduction of high lean meat foreign varieties, a large number of reserve pigs did not have estrus, and the elimination rate was as high as 30% or more. We advocate fine pig raising. What should we pay attention to when selecting varieties? In my opinion, when considering high production performance, high lean meat ratio and high feed repayment, we must also consider: 1. The selected varieties should be able to adapt to the local climate, the condition of the pig house, the quality of the breeders, the farm management level, etc. . Denmark's Landrace has been unable to spread because it is prone to limb and foot disease because it does not adapt to the hard concrete floor and extensive feeding methods. High lean meat varieties do not have high-protein full-priced feeds, and their growth rates are inferior to those of common breeds. Guangdong pigs have been planted in the north. Due to the cold climate, a few pigs have been eliminated from rheumatism. 2. It is necessary to understand the condition of the original farm. Now there is a saying: "The introduction process is the process of introducing disease." If you do not understand the disease situation and introduce it blindly, the harm brought into the disease will far exceed the benefits brought by the breeding pig. Should be aware of the condition in advance, to prevent, to minimize the damage, so that the introduction of disease prevention is correct. 3. The hybrids produced by hybridization of two varieties of hybrids, whose production performance is often higher than the average number of parents, known as heterosis. The use of heterosis is a quick way to improve production performance. However, some hybrids have obvious heterosis, while others do not. The use of fast-growing Duroc boars and bred mating sows with outstanding reproductive performance results in significant heterosis, which has been promoted in many regions. Other matching systems are the best combination of crossbreeding and screening. The commercial pigs have obvious heterosis in many aspects. Pure selection of purebred pigs for seed selection at the time of seed selection not only increases the cost of introduction, but also does not produce significant heterosis, which is detrimental to production. (III) Personnel training Pig farms have a small number of workers, but the division of labor is very small. The number of people working on the same type of work is limited. The rearing work is also a relatively technical job. Once a person in a certain section breaks the file, it will cause great losses in production. Cultivating talents should be the guiding principle of the farm. 1. Cultivation of reserve talents Nowadays, the phenomenon of long-term stability of the pig industry, management personnel and technical personnel is not much, and once personnel changes, there will be no convergence. According to our understanding, if a farm of 10,000 pigs is changed, it takes a month before the new field grows to enter the role. It takes a long time for the technicians to sort out the clues. During this period, the reduction in the production level is obvious; If they have reserve forces on the floor to take over, buffering the replacement of old and new personnel can greatly reduce the loss in this area, so the training of reserve talent is an indispensable process. 2. Develop all-rounders Each farm should have several generalists. They do not need to be proficient in all aspects, but they can adapt to various tasks. Because pig farm staff often suffer from the phenomenon of leave, sick leave, resignation, etc., the generalist will promptly make up for the loss of any position, and stabilize the on-site production. This group of people needs to focus on training, and they may also be the backbone of production management in the venue. 3. In the era of cultivating new-type talents, pig farm management is also progressing. New business ideas and management models will replace obsolete management. If our management personnel and technical personnel are satisfied with the status quo and are unrestrained, they will fall behind. In society. Therefore, introducing new concepts and new thinking into the farms and nurturing talents suitable for modern management are necessary to ensure the continuous development and growth of the farm. The breeders must make progress, the technical personnel must make progress, and the management personnel must also make progress. Only in this way can the undertaking be prosperous. (IV) Management Mode Most pig-breeding enterprises are now privately owned or publicly owned. The management model is the boss—the chief of the field—the technician—the breeder. Most bosses have money in their hands, but they do not understand technology and management. They control human rights and financial power in their hands. Managers of field managers are only specific executors of their intentions. This pattern often fails. When the business is not good, the boss will push the responsibility to the field director, change the management personnel frequently, and make the management not continuous. If we formulate a reasonable management system and achieve the combination of responsibility and rights, it is more conducive to production. The fine point of management is to let everyone understand their position, power and production goals, so that everyone can maximize their expertise, use the system to manage people instead of employing people. Discover the strengths of each individual and make them suitable for their work. When they are successful, they should put forward higher requirements. When they are not going well, they should be given spiritual encouragement and action guidance. That is fine. It is by looking at them to do things and pondering their hearts. The macro management is a platform for everyone to sing and let them play themselves, give them a piece of the world, and let them develop. Second, micro-fine micro-fine is the pretence of bargaining, meticulous work, is never let go of any details, is not allowed to negligence anywhere. The nephew said: "A thousand miles of the embankment, collapsed in an ant colony." "The water does not rot, the door hinges." "Not a trickle of flow, no success; nothing accumulates, no more than a thousand miles." Every job There are details that are easily overlooked. Pay attention to them and prevent them. Our business will be successful. The specific details of the pig rearing process are listed below: (1) The cost of feed and feed accounts for more than 70% of the cost of raising pigs. There are many places where feed is neglected. 1. Quality of raw materials (1) Water in corn The water containing 14% of water and 20% of water containing corn cannot be processed in the same way. Can the formula be adjusted accordingly? (2) Fishmeal is the most variable nutrient in feed, and it is not uncommon for shoddy. (3) After moldy corn moldy corn, can not be used for a large number of feed, but some people moldy corn washed with water after drying, can you find that is superior or bad? (4) Impurities in corn When you buy corn, you will remove the impurities in the corn according to the proportion, but do you also take impurities into account when formulating feed? (5) Some of the nutrients in the premixes and concentrates are continuously lost over time. When we use the material that reaches the expiration date, we will consider whether or not these ingredients are insufficient to supplement. (6) Nowadays people must use iodine-containing salt in their salt, and in the same areas, is the lack of humans also lacking in pigs? How many feed mills use iodine-containing salt for pigs? (7) Stone powder and calcium hydroxide are used as feedstuffs. They are related standards. Now there is very little to see that there is a clear site, contact information, and composition content for stone powder packaging. (8) There is a large range of changes in the protein content of soybean meal, coupled with some artificial adulteration, and the change is even greater. How many other companies do analysis and analysis of each purchase? 2, feed compound feed with as far as possible to achieve a balanced supply of nutrients, at least the balance of the main components. Pigs need effective nutrients, not nutrient accumulation, and a true balance can be achieved by taking into consideration various factors in the utilization of major nutrients. (1) The ratio of energy to protein is more precisely the ratio of digestible energy and digestible protein. The digestible energy can be found in the book. The digestibility of protein is influenced by many factors and is not a constant data. . One of the common mistakes is to treat crude protein as digestible protein. The second mistake is to simply add up the digestible proteins described in the data. The most reasonable proportion needs to be confirmed in practice. (2) Calcium and phosphorus are more than 1-1.5:1 calcium-to-phosphorus ratio in the general feed, but in fact, the two should not be constant, especially the phytate phosphorus in the feed is not easy to be used. Will directly affect the use of phosphorus. The proportion of inorganic phosphorus in feed and whether phytase is added have a great influence on the ratio of calcium to phosphorus. (3) In amino acids, pigs are grown in the ratio between lysine, cysteine, and threonine, and lysine is the first limiting amino acid. People simply add lysine to a very high level. It is a good quality feed. In fact, if the limiting amino acid reaches a certain amount, it is no longer a limiting amino acid. After lysine is satisfied, threonine or cysteine ​​may become the first limiting amino acid. Under normal circumstances, the ratio of Lai, egg cyst, and threonine is 1:0.6:0.65. Do not forget about the other two when adding lysine. (4) The feed formulation should be combined with the climate (temperature). Changes in the ambient temperature will cause changes in the needs of the pig for different nutrients, such as feeding high-energy feeds during the hot season or feeding low-energy feeds during the cold season. It will not be appropriate. It will Insufficient nutrition and partial nutrition. Feeding high-protein diets (more than 18%) in piglets at temperatures below 20°C has the consequence that piglets grow slowly and are susceptible to illness. (5) feed mix should be with the raw material composition changes in pig nutrition requirements is to adjust the lever, raw materials have changed, the feed formulation should also change, with 30% of water containing corn instead of 14% of corn, can only cause serious shortage of energy. 3, feed processing Feed processing has a great impact on the feed, different feeding stages have different requirements for the size of the crushed, too fine material feeding adult pigs prone to cause gastric ulcer, too thick material to feed piglets is not easy to digest. Stirring of the feed is not uniform in many pig farms, such as vertical mixers that require 12 minutes of stirring and horizontal mixers that take 6-8 minutes. The phenomenon of smashing and discharging the material has not only been seen on one farm, but the result of uneven mixing is that some or all of them do not reach full price, which will greatly reduce the use of feed. A truly excellent feed processor will take into account the different bottoms used for different feeds, and will also consider periodically changing hammers to ensure crushing. (II) The finesse of feeding and management There are too many delicate places here, and places where attention has been paid to are usually not focused on discussion. Here only the areas that are easily overlooked are proposed. The purpose of feeding management is to maximize the potential of the herd. , To increase the utilization of facilities and personnel, to produce as many pigs as possible under the conditions of a limited breeding herd, and to dig out the potential for production of various pigs. 1. There are three situations in which male boars will result in decreased libido and poor semen quality. First, there is a hot climate. Second, it is not used for a long time. Third, after the illness or injection, the quality of semen is reduced. At ambient temperatures above 32°C, the boar's libido declines rapidly and sperm motility declines. The temperature of the testes is maintained at 34-35°C. If the ambient temperature is too high, the testicles will be difficult to dissipate, and the temperature of the testicles will be higher than normal. In this way, sperm metabolism will be accelerated and the death rate will be accelerated. Therefore, the proportion of dead sperm in the boar semen is very high during the hot season, and the fertility rate of the mating species is reduced. For boars that are not used for a long period of time, the same libido is reduced, the quality of semen is poor, and there are many dead sperm in the semen, which often causes the sows to be free from fetuses. Therefore, reasonable use of boars should be paid attention to. If you are using a boar that has not been used for a long time, you should discard the first semen, or choose a pig that has little effect on the sow's conception (for example, the fourth dose). After a pig suffers from a sexually transmitted disease or injection of seedlings, the sperm motility is reduced. In particular, a high fever in the testicle scrotum often leads to the phenomenon that all spermatozoa are dead spermatozoa, and care should be taken when mating. In terms of breeding intensity, the data has consistently advocated restrictions on the overuse of boars. However, in the production, excessive use of boars is rare. When boars are not used, there are many, through the practices of rural boar breeding stations and pigs. In my experience, I believe that there are no major problems with the use of boars twice a day. As long as boar nutrition is met, long-term use is more conducive to maintaining boar libido. Multiple breedings only dilute each shot of semen. Little effect on the conception rate. After the boar vaccine is injected, some vaccines cause the body temperature of the pig to rise for a short time and affect the quality of the semen. Therefore, it is suggested that the regular inspection of semen quality on the basis of strengthening the management of boars is a powerful auxiliary measure to ensure high fertility rates, especially in the summer, after illness or after injection. Fine boar management will manage more valuable boars and maximize their germplasm resources. Such as regular driving, reasonable use, sunbathing, regular checkups (body weight, blood, etc.), summer air conditioning is also necessary. 2, empty sows (including backup) Modern scientific feeding and management methods are enough to make all live piglets grow pigs. Allowing sows to produce more litters and shortening the farrowing interval will increase the number of commercial pigs per sow per year. The timing of breeding time is a big headache for people. In particular, artificial pig insemination is used to introduce breed pigs. Some people only rely on pressure back-reflection to identify estrus and timing of breeding, often leaving many pigs missing. For this reason, estrus should still be identified. Pussy redness, mucus changes, pressure back reflexes are the premise, and the best procedure is to combine four procedures for boars. Whether or not estrus and mating as soon as possible after weaning can be a key factor in increasing the number of births per year can be achieved. Using hormones can shorten the time of estrus after weaning and increase the rate of conception when nutrition and physical health are satisfied. If each pig is shortened by one day and the conception rate is increased by 5%, the number of fetuses can be increased by 0.02 tires per year. If 100 sows are counted, 2 additional births + 11 births = 13 births can be added. (2.2 100114+2205%) The number of pigs that can produce 1310 = 130 piglets per year can increase 7800 yuan. The cost is 2207 = 1540 (pregnant horse serum), such as the use of PG600 22025 = 5500 yuan, there are still more than 2,300 yuan in profits. Together with the benefit of keeping 130 pigs to slaughter, the benefits are considerable. When mating, the effect of strict disinfection is also huge. If the proportion of genital tract inflammation caused by lax disinfection is 2% (actually much higher than this), 1002% and 2.2% of births will be lost per year on a large-scale pig farm. With 44 piglets, the cost of piglets increased by 2,640 yuan, the pig's profit was reduced by 1,980 yuan, and the total economic loss was 4,620 yuan. After sows are weaned, pigs with different lyrics should be separated to avoid the elimination of weak pigs due to injury, and lean mothers should be supplemented with nutrients so as to promote estrus as soon as possible. If negligence occurs, some sows may be eliminated early (lean sows). Most of them are far more litters with more litters and better milk sows). There are two kinds of vitamins that have a great influence on pregnancy performance after sow mating, VA and VE. A few days before mating, high-dose VA and VE supplementation can increase the conception rate and the number of live piglets. The addition of green and green feed also has this function. Breeding methods and frequency have a great influence on conception. According to "Pigsology", 200 pages, three litters and two litters with a total of 2.3 litres, the double fertilization rate is 27% higher, and the number of litters is 3.4. Head, mixed insemination from litter size, litter weight is better than a single sperm, the use of these technologies will bring unexpected benefits to the farm. In the artificial insemination, due to lack of boar effect, the advantages of multiple insemination are more obvious. Breeding should take into account the physical size of male and female sows, boar sows small or weak, the phenomenon of squeezing the sow when mating occurs from time to time, can not be adjusted, it should be supported by others, the boar forelegs Raise or squeeze the sow near the wall. Because the ground is too slippery, there are many cases in which the sow is unstable and injured. The lighter ones failed to match and missed a love period, and the others lost their use value. It is a pity that such losses have occurred. The delay in estrus estrus or the lack of love for sows is a major problem in breeding, and measures such as laps, laps, out-of-home exercise, and increased nutrition can be used. Hormone aphrodisiac can only be used when estrus is still not in use. ). 3, pregnant sows simply look, pregnant sows have strong appetite, disease, management is very simple, but the management level of pregnant sows will affect the pregnancy rate, the number of live piglets and the proportion of pre-born litter and Postpartum sow lactation performance. The feeding of pregnant sows must also guarantee the production of large, robust piglets with as little material as possible. Every 1% increase in the proportion of abortions or nourishment during pregnancy will result in a loss of 2.2 births (worth 1,300 yuan) for a farm on a large scale, and a 1% increase in the proportion of stillbirths or mummies will result in a loss of 22 pigs on a large farm. Live piglets, the loss is great. The feeding and management of pregnant sows should pay more attention to science: (1) The most feared period of high nutrition: three days after the match, 8-25 days and 70-90 days in the middle period are three times to prevent high energy, high nutrition intake Into the fertilized eggs will lead to death, failure to implant and breast dysplasia, the first two paragraphs of high nutrient intake, so that the proportion of empty arms increased, the number of litters decreased, the latter period of high nutrition is postnatal maternal dysplasia, lactation performance decreased . (2) The increase in the number of mummies caused by stillbirths I believe that in addition to the diseases, it is also related to the lack of exercise and poor blood flow in the sows during pregnancy. This has been confirmed in the comparison of positioning bars and small groups of captives. In production, the positioning bar facilitates the control of feed, keeps pigs in lyrical condition, and has a small proportion of abortions, but it is prone to stillbirths. There is a large proportion of mummies, a large proportion of weak ones, a high rate of hard birth, and a high elimination rate; while small circle feeding is difficult to control. Therefore, it is easy to cause the shortcomings of high empty rate in the early stage and large proportion of abortion in the latter stage. (3) How to achieve the harmony and unity of the above two methods, the following methods can be used for reference: A, before and after the 20-day positioning bar feeding, medium-term small circle polyculture; B, the whole period of small circle polyculture, before and mid-term feeding the next day Method, free food intake in the later period; C. Full-time positioning column, releasing out-of-home activities regularly during the medium term. The above methods have considered both the needs of pig control materials and the need for pig activity. (4) Avoiding high ambient temperature: The effect of high temperature on sows is greatest at 3 weeks postpartum and 3 weeks before delivery. High temperatures during the third week will increase the death of fertilized eggs and affect the attachment of embryos to the uterus, while prenatal 3 During the week, due to the piglets growing too fast, the pigs will reduce the blood supply to the uterus in order to fight the heat stress, causing the piglets to have insufficient blood supply, weakness and even death. In other periods, sows have a certain resistance to high temperatures, but prolonged high temperatures at any time are not conducive to pregnancy. Pregnancy cooling during the hot season is an indispensable management measure. (5) Pregnancy examination is a meticulous and important work. The emergence of every empty pig is not only a problem of feed wastage, but also disrupts the farrowing plan and herd turnover plan. If the pigs return to their homes in the later stages of their lives, other sows will lose their abortions due to the climb of the estrus pigs and chaotic arches. Pregnancy test is still based on the return of hair and appearance changes as the main means, in the 70 days after matching, sows are pregnant in the following places are more obvious, pay attention to observation will quickly find: A, pregnant pig hi hi sleep, empty pig hi move. B, pregnancy pigs subsidence. C, pregnant pig hair light, smooth. D. The tail of pregnant pigs is clamped and the pus is tightened. E, pregnant pigs eat fast, empty pigs eat slowly. F. When the pregnant pig is standing, the jaw is inward and the stomach is sinking. G. The pig's breasts began to bulge at the end of pregnancy. The pigs were lying and resting and fetal movement could be seen. The above few, such as the breeder's attention to observation, should be removed from all empty sows 70 days ago. Experienced breeders can be pushed forward for about 50 days. There are other ways to check during pregnancy, such as combining the above methods is better. (6) Feed supply during pregnancy is the period with the highest feed utilization rate of sows. Restricted feeding is a method recognized by the industry. However, to what extent it is limited, how to limit it is different. The nutritional needs of pigs are influenced by factors such as different stages of pregnancy, body weight, sow body condition, and parity. Under the premise of strict restrictions on feeding, all the above factors must be taken into account. It is impossible for us to make a feeding plan for every pig, but at least one scope should be established, such as the standard for feeding pigs, the standard for feeding the frail pigs, and the standard for different body weights, etc. Make a practical plan. Not only saves feed, but also does not affect the development of the mother, to an ideal degree. In the early and mid-term, reducing protein supply was the way to reduce costs, because now almost all pregnant pig diets have high protein levels. In the early and mid-term, if soybean meal is the main factor, 12-13% of crude protein can be satisfied. Not too high, but crude protein in the first sow diet should be higher than this standard, more than 14%, because its weight is still growing. How to adjust the feed formulation should cause pig farm technicians to pay enough attention. (7) Sows should also pay attention to the following points during pregnancy: A, and ring. B, strenuous exercise. C, the density is too large. D, improper medication. E, hit or fall. I summed up the following jingle: "Afraid of fearless feed cold, two afraid of the ground light and slippery, three afraid of their peers squeezing chaos, four afraid of the owner's birth date difference." Specifically for late pregnancy sows. Pregnant sow rearing, if it can be increased from 22 per piglet to 22 pigs per year on the basis of the original sow, will have very considerable benefits. This requires us to work hard on the above details. It is a magic weapon for the pig industry to win with fine-grained survival. 4. Suckling sows and piglets Some people say: “Breastfeeding depends on carefulness and hard work.” Many pig farms have already achieved this. Compared with the previous years, the current lactation feeding performance is the most satisfying. Most of the farms can achieve a survival rate of more than 90% during lactation, even 95% or more, and the weaning weight reaches 7 kg or even more than 9 kg. This result comes from the improvement of feeding conditions, from the improvement of feed grades, and from the advanced Breeding mode, but also from the caregivers laborers. (1) Successful experience A. The sow should thoroughly clean and disinfect the farrowing house before going to bed, and empty it for more than 5 days. The empty house sanitation is done in the continuous operation of the Qing-Chong-Xian-Xun-Air five links. B. Go to bed sow first take a bath, then disinfect, wash away dirt from the body, do not allow anything to bring the bed, pay special attention to the washing and disinfection of the hoof. C. The sows are cleared immediately after defecation, and no feces are left on the bed. If the sow gets faeces, wipe it off with a sterile rag immediately. D. Create all the favorable conditions for the survival of piglets, incubators, inserts, bottom planks, covers, lamps, etc., to maximize the environmental conditions for piglets. E. Reasonable health care measures: Such as three days of iron supplementation, three-needle health care, selenium supplementation, and sow drug prevention before and after birth, effectively preventing the infringement of the disease. F. Fine feeding and management: On the day after birth, it is necessary to ensure that every piglet eats colostrum, and reasonably puts nests and fosters. Observing whether the temperature of the piglet is appropriate is not simply relying on the thermometer, but looking at the pig's lying position, when it is hot, the panting is rapid, when it is cold, it is gathered together, when it is appropriate, it is spread evenly, and the lying posture is comfortable. Feed the sows on a planned basis. Pre- and post-natal care for sows has been included in the plan, such as the addition of antibiotics before and after the birth of sows, giving high-quality digestible feed, etc., to maximize the satisfaction of sow health and milk production and post-weaning breeding needs. Some postmenopausal pigs have metritis, and the breeder will take the initiative to wash with the syrup. When the breasts become inflamed, they will no doubt have a significant effect in addition to systemic medication. The meticulous care of mothers has resulted in high survival rates and high weaning weights. The survival rate of piglets during lactation is more than 98%, which is no longer a new thing. (2) There are still some deficiencies in the feeding of sows and piglets during lactation, such as large proportion of postpartum mastitis, lack of sow's milk, uneven weight of weaned piglets, poor uniformity, severe piglet drop after weaning, etc., which need to be managed. More detailed, technically updated to achieve a more ideal realm. A. Routine examination of going to bed sows: There are two items in the check on the bed: one is whether the sow's mammary gland development has mammary inflammation; second is whether there is digestive tract disease, such as low intake, dry stool and so on. These two have a great impact on postpartum lactation and milk quality. If problems are found and measures are taken, it is possible to effectively avoid the absence of milk in sows and post-natal diarrhea in the piglets (more often associated with mastitis). B. Find piglets that have insufficient milk in time. The lack of piglet sucking milk has the following performance: running around, barking, no fixed nipples, intestines, and so on. It was found that such a pig should give it a chance to get a baby or artificially supplement milk. If these pigs do not take measures will be the first dead pigs. C. Reasonable nursing care for sick and sick pigs: The reasons for the death of piglets at this stage mainly include the following points: A. Insufficient feeding, death due to lack of sugar failure; B. Death from diarrhea and dehydration; C. Infant pigs let sows die. If we take appropriate measures, the shortage of pig milk, replenishing pig rehydration, artificial control of the number of litters in frail pigs, regular feeding, can greatly reduce the mortality of piglets. D. Temperature control in the farrowing house: This is a problem in many pig farms. In order to raise the temperature of the piglets, the temperature of the whole pig house is increased. If the sow is in the environment of 25°C, the feed intake will be obviously reduced, and even the symptoms of gasping. The supply temperature of 20 to 22°C is a reasonable range, which is beneficial to the health of sows and milk production. E. When the piglet is diarrhea, don't forget to look for the cause from the big pig. Piggy diarrhea is often associated with less pig milk. When pigs have mastitis, the pigs are the most vulnerable to diarrhea. 5. Feeding weaned piglets In recent years, weaning pigs have become a headache for large-scale pig farms, and various diseases have continued one after another. The mortality rate has remained high and the losses have been extremely heavy. However, through the investigation of some pig farms, there are obvious loopholes in the breeding and management of each farm. These holes are the chances for the illness to enter, and these loopholes are caused by some details not being noticed. Fine pig raising will effectively avoid the appearance of these loopholes. In light of the analysis of the cause of death of Aberdeen pigs, I summarized a simple table that showed the pathogenesis: (tables will be done later). Looking at the above figure, we understand that some factors can be avoided, and some factors cannot be avoided. They can only try to minimize the damage to the piglets (if the maternal antigen disappears). As long as we understand a reason, disease and disease resistance are a pair of contradictions, which is a contrast between strong and weak forces. I am stronger and weaker, and the disease is not easy to attack. He is weak and the disease is widespread. If our preventive measures are to a certain degree, we will refuse to go beyond a thousand miles. (1) All in and out to avoid horizontal transmission. If the weaned pigs still maintain their original state of health and go to a new clean environment without new pathogens, they will still maintain a healthy dynamic balance and allow the piglets to survive the dangerous period, but they still need to pay attention. (2) The pigs transferred out are all healthy and disease-free pigs. Some people mistakenly believe that all-in and all-out is a matter of good or bad, size, strength and weakness at the same time. This is wrong. Because weak pigs and sick pigs are susceptible to infection, a large number of detoxes after the onset of disease will cause the entire group of infections. If there are no such pigs, a small number of pathogens may not be able to impress pigs in a healthy state. (3) Strengthen disinfection, kill pathogens Disinfection includes thorough disinfection before entering the pig, disinfecting the medicine basin when feeding, and regularly disinfecting the pig. A. Disinfection before entering pigs should pay attention to the following points: 1. First rinsing and then disinfecting, using water to wash away most of the dirt and pathogens. When disinfection, it can easily kill the exposed pathogens, such as the dirt is not washed out. Net, disinfection can not be completely. 2. Pay attention to some easily overlooked corners, such as feed troughs, roofs, and taps, which are the most easily overlooked areas. They are also the most dangerous places and must not be missed. 3, the disinfection effect of disinfectants, such as whether the disinfectant is broad-spectrum, disinfectant quality, drug dilution concentration, dosage will affect the disinfection effect. 4. The empty space before entering the pig is very necessary and is the follow-up means to completely eradicate the source. B, when entering and leaving the medicine basin disinfection, it should be noted that the medicine must be changed frequently, such as fire alkali and the combination of carbon dioxide in the air will become non-sterilizing sodium carbonate. C. Regularly sterilize pigs. This is an effective measure to promptly kill the pathogens that have infiltrated the pig house. If some of the disease sources enter the pig house from the air and kill them in time when they multiply, they can effectively prevent the spread of the disease. Pathogenicity is a comprehensive manifestation of the three factors of virulence, quantity, and resistance. (4) Regular drug prevention prevents the growth of pathogens in the body. It is easy to cause a period of reduced disease resistance before and after the transition. Adding drugs to the feed can effectively prevent the growth of pathogens in the body and make it unable to reach the number of pathogenic diseases. This should use a broad-spectrum drug or a combination of several drugs at the same time, and it should be targeted. For example, the high-incidence area of ​​mycoplasma should be directed against mycoplasma, and the high-risk area of ​​para-haemophilus disease should be secondary parathyroid disease. (5) Reducing stress Any major stress will lead to a reduction in disease resistance, weaning, switching, reloading, environmental changes, laps, and injections. A. Weaning, weaning is unavoidable, but does not change other conditions at weaning, the stress is not too big, a few days later the piglets will adapt, which is the reason for weaning in the original circle after weaning. B. Turning to the group, if it can be operated by the original breeder when the group is transferred, reducing the impact caused by strangers will also effectively reduce the stress. C, refueling, reloading can not be urgent, suddenly change the digestive tract environment of pigs will appear indigestion and other phenomena. D, and circle, turn the group as much as possible to maintain the original circle. E. Injection of seedlings, in other periods when stress is relatively concentrated, it is possible to reduce the number of seedlings injection or not, because the injection seedling itself is a kind of stress, and at the same time when the stress is high, the immune system will affect the seedling injection effect. F. Environmental stress, which is the largest of all stresses, is also the most likely to be overlooked or misunderstood, the most important of which is temperature changes. 6. It is considered that the temperature after weaning should be reduced. This is a mistake. Various factors have caused the disease resistance to be reduced after weaning of the piglets, and in particular, the energy supply is insufficient and needs to be higher than the temperature before weaning. 7、周围环境影响体温，仔猪在产仔舍的生活环境有保温箱、垫板、烤灯，在舍内温度20℃左右仍生长正常，而到了仔培舍仍以这个温度给仔猪则不行了，有无保温箱、垫板、烤灯为仔猪提供的温度是不同的，如暴露在网上给25℃温度，可能不如散在木板上给23℃的温度更适宜。 8、在避免环境应激方面，我建议仍保持产房的各种条件，如保温箱、铺板、烤灯。随日龄的加大，逐渐撤走这些条件，如一周后先撤走烤灯；二周后撤保温箱；三周后撤铺板；五周后室温降到20℃左右，以适应转出后的低温环境，这一方法我们在一些养猪场试用得到十分满意的效果。 G、时刻注意疾病动态，将病消灭在萌芽状态。任何一种病都有一个从轻到重的过程，也都有一些发病前的征兆。如传染病来临前都会出现采食量下降，呼吸道病的传播首先发生呼吸道症状，如咳嗽。大批的传染首先是从部分开始。我们曾对一群患呼吸道病的猪群采用重症隔离、轻症就地治疗、全群用药的办法，一周时间将猪群恢复正常。我们当时是每人负责一个单元，在晚上坚守猪舍2个小时，发现有咳嗽症状，立即记录并进行治疗，三天后咳嗽猪越来越少，并逐渐的恢复正常。这样做需要我们饲养人员要细心观察，以下几处是我们注意的重点：1、采食量，所有传染病发生都会使猪采食量减少；2、活动状态，猪患病并不马上显示出典型特征，而先是体温升高，精神萎顿、活动减少；3、眼神，健康猪的眼神发亮，水灵灵的，给人一种机灵的活泼的感觉，而病猪则会见人后眼无神，半睁半闭或稍睁后又闭上，无精打采的；4、其它，如在不冷的时候扎堆，个别猪睡时独处等都是患病征兆，应引起注意。当然养好仔培猪还有许多需要注意的地方，如果我们把每件事都想在前边，避免每一种不利于仔猪的因素出现，仔培舍就会再次变成轻松愉快的“养生堂”。 9、育肥猪饲养育肥猪是从体重25-90kg阶段的猪，增重为65kg,饲料消耗为全群饲料消耗的67%，该期死亡率相对较低，降低料肉比是该阶段的重点。不少人认为育肥猪好养，只要按时加料，清粪，病猪治疗就行了。都是力气活，不需花太多心思，不需多高技术。这就容易忽视技术的重要性。下面是对育肥影响大的因素。温度育肥猪最适环境温度为16-21℃,该阶段生长速度最快,料肉比最合理,温度过高过低都不利于快速生长和饲料利用。以前我曾做过多次饲料方面试验，但每次试验不同栏位的试验结果，有时差异很大，发现一些试验中靠近门口的猪栏猪生长速度，饲料报酬都比其它栏高，我当时把这一起名为“边界效应”，后来我把做过的十几次试验全部拿出来分析发现只有在气温较高的夏、秋季节有此现象，而冬季边上的猪反而生长的慢而费料。分析原因是因为靠近门的猪空气流通较好，减轻了猪对炎热的感受，而中间位置的猪通风不良，热量不易散发，猪长期生活在比较高的温度环境中，不利于生长；同样道理冬季气温太低也不利于猪生长和饲料利用，2002年秋冬，我们在一个猪场内实行了每天关门冲圈的方法，保证猪舍温度全部保持在16-25℃范围内，猪生长正常患病少。为此，夏季的防暑，与冬天的升温是提高生长速度及饲料报酬的必然途径。生产中不可能达到理想的环境条件，灵活运用也能起到良好的效果。如夏季喷水降温只能将温度降到28℃时，如加大空气流动，可能会使猪有22℃的感觉，而冬天减少风流量，也同样起到适温时的效果。疾病育肥期间病少，能致猪死亡的病更少，所以不少人忽视这个问题，只是在病重时才重视，以不死猪为原则。所以猪群中有咳嗽猪没有管，生长慢没人管，却不知这些猪却在影响着整群的利润。同样的猪正常情况下，生长速度相差不大，如到出栏时体重差异很大，就说明一部分猪吃了该吃的料却没有长肉，如果相差20斤，那么这20斤就是因疾病或其它原因带来的损失。剔除僵猪、消灭慢性病是育肥猪管理的重中之重，育肥猪的精细管理不仅是要治活重病猪而更重要的是消除慢性病对猪生长发育的影响，将疾病带来的影响降低到最低程度。消除慢性病可采用以下步骤： 1、全群用药一周，同时将无治疗价值的猪淘汰；2、一周后再从中挑出病弱猪进行治疗，使全群猪健康正常；3、定期或不定期对猪群进行药物预防。 〈3〉按性别分群饲养已有许多资料介绍，育肥时期，公猪、母猪、去势猪的蛋白沉积和脂肪沉积是有差别的，相同饲养条件下，小公猪生长速度更快，瘦肉比例更高，其次是小母猪，再次是去势肥猪，它们对饲料的要求也就产生了差别，给小公猪以高蛋白饲料，会最大限度地发挥其生长潜能，生长速度加快，饲料报酬增高。而如给去势肥猪高蛋白饲料，多余的蛋白并不能转化为瘦肉，而是变成脂肪沉积下来，所以针对性地给小公猪、小母猪、去势肥猪不同的营养水平，将更有利于生产水平的提高和饲料成本的降低。小公猪在稳定环境下，体重100公斤内其肉质肉味与其它猪相差不大，国外一些猪场并不给公猪去势。如果我们市场上公猪销售价比其它猪低0.1元/市斤的话，那公猪饲料方面节约的成本足以弥补价格低的损失。 10、苍蝇与老鼠没有人报道过猪场的一个苍蝇或一个老鼠一年能消耗多少饲料，但可以证实的一点是它们都是以吃猪饲料为生的。当我们发现自由采食槽顶部饲料经一个晚上变平的时候，当我们看到潮拌料放置半天后，上部饲料大部分变成纤维含量高的麸皮时，我们知道是老鼠和苍蝇已经吃掉了我们的利润。苍蝇和老鼠的危害远不至此，疾病的传播会给猪场造成更加严重的损失。当我们严格控制人员进出猪舍的时候，却没能阻止苍蝇和老鼠的进入。苍蝇的危害还在于使猪不能安定地休息，老鼠却会破坏房屋建筑，如采用石棉瓦、泡沫板材料做房顶的，老鼠会在一年内将屋顶的泡沫材料咬得支离破碎，失去有效的保温性能。灭蝇灭鼠势在必行。 （1）灭蝇苍蝇是在猪粪中产卵孵化的，阻止了苍蝇的繁殖也就大大减少了苍蝇的数量。我们曾采用定期舍内药物灭蝇的同时，用塑料布将新鲜猪粪盖严，使有蝇卵的猪粪断绝空气的供应，无数蝇蛆会很快死亡。这个方法的灭蝇效果十分显著。当然，有条件的猪场专设封闭的贮粪池效果更好。 （2）灭鼠老鼠不同于苍蝇，它的生存、繁殖需要一定空间，至少需要一个鼠洞。规模猪场的场内空地面积很少，每周一次检查空地鼠洞并及时采用水灌等办法消灭洞内老鼠，并定期投药，可有效地控制老鼠的数量。我们曾用过悬赏抓老鼠的办法，每个职工动员起来，抓住老鼠有奖，会在短时间内消灭大批老鼠。猪场的精细管理远不止上面提到的这些，只要我们善于观察，善于思考，我们会发现更多的给我们创造效益的细节，果真如此，猪场的生产水平会再上一个台阶，经济效益会大幅度增长。希望我们养猪行业的老板、场长、技术员、饲养员共同行动，从我做起，从现在做起，精细每一个环节，精细每一次简单劳动。

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