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I. Characteristics and Keys of Fish Cage Culture (I) Characteristics of Cage Fish Culture
1. Net cage fish farming can make full use of rivers, rivers, lakes, reservoirs and other natural water bodies and their baits to develop fish culture. It can either cultivate fish species or grow fish. Especially in areas where ponds are lacking, fish cages can be cultivated in situ using cages with large water surfaces, and fish cultured in situ can have a positive effect on raising the survival rate and yield of fish culture.
2. Cage culture can be intensively intensively cultured, and the yield per unit area can be several dozen or more times higher than that of a pond. The reason for this is that cage culture of fish is actually using superior natural conditions of large water surface, and comprehensive high-yield measures for compact water intensive intensive cultivation. During the breeding process, the water bodies inside and outside the cage are continuously exchanged, taking away the fish excrement in the cage and feeding the residue of the feed, bringing in oxygen and plankton, so that the cage maintains high dissolution Oxygen, therefore, in the case of high density of fish within the cage, there will be no lack of oxygen and deterioration of water quality, and ensure that the feed organisms required for the breeding of cockroaches and cod in cages are continuously supplied. In addition, the fish are kept in cages, which avoids the harm of predator organisms, and can detect fish diseases in time to ensure high survival rates and excellent catch-out rates.
3. Cage culture has the advantages of mobility and flexibility. It can be invested in batches and gradually developed. Due to the convenience of feeding and management, easy fishing, and the setting of the water body of the cage once the environment is not suitable, it can be moved at any time, so it is also called “nomadic fisheryâ€.
(B) The key to cage fish farming
1. Choose cages that are rich in natural foods and have a certain water flow.
2. Select the appropriate cage structure and device. Including cage shape, size, arrangement and box spacing.
3. Determine the stocking fish, specifications, density and polyculture ratio due to water conditions so as to fully realize the potential of water production.
4. Effectively implement feeding and management work such as feeding, preventing flight, preventing disease, and preventing enemy predators. In particular, keep cage walls clean and prevent mesh clogging and affect the exchange of water.
Second, the structure and structure of cages Net cage structure and equipment in many forms, the actual selection should be to avoid fish, durable, saving labor and materials, to facilitate the exchange of water, easy management and so on.
(a) The structure of the cage
1. The cage consists of a box, a frame, a float, a sink, and a fixed facility.
(1) Box: It is made by splicing and splicing a mesh sheet according to a certain size. The most common application at present is a polyethylene mesh sheet, which has the advantages of high strength, corrosion resistance, low temperature resistance, and low price. There are four kinds of mesh processing technology: 1 Polyethylene twisted wire Hand-knotted mesh. The advantage is good flexibility and durability. Disadvantages are nodules, easy to scratch the fish body, with more materials, and poor drainage; 2 non-extending no node node mesh. This process produces fast, saves material, and is cheap, but it is poor in lateral tension and easily damaged; 3 extends knotless mesh. Its pull is strong, soft, light weight, 3/4 lower than the cost of nodule cage; 4 Polyethylene warp mesh. No knot smooth, do not hurt the fish body, the net shape is not aliasing, the box is soft, easy to sew, not easy to open the hole to escape the fish, the cost is lower.
(2) Frame: It is a bracket used for hanging the box, commonly used in bamboo, wood, steel pipe, plastic pipe and other materials. The box is fixed on the frame to keep the box open and shaped.
(3) Float: It is a device for floating a cage on the water. Commonly used foams and hard blow-molded floats, or glass balls, iron barrels float on the frame. Bamboo and wooden frames act as floats while supporting the cabinet.
(4) Shen Zi: It is a device that sinks the bottom of the cage into the water. General use of porcelain sinker, can also be used stones, cement blocks. Conditioned diameter 2-2. 5 cm steel pipe can be used to open the bottom net, but also when used as a sink.
In addition, the position of the cage should be fixed with an iron anchor, or the cage should be supported by cement piles or bamboo piles.
2. The shape of the cage is rectangular, square, cylindrical, octagonal, etc. At present, there are many commonly used rectangles in production, followed by squares, because of its convenient operation, large area of ​​water, and easy production.
3. The smallest cage size of the cage is about 1 square meter, usually 1-15 square meters of cage is a small cage, cage area of ​​15-60 square meters is a medium-sized cage, large cage area is 60- 100 square meters, larger 500-600 square meters. In general, the area of ​​the cage should not be too large, the operation is too inconvenient, and the wind resistance is poor. However, the production of too small cages is high, but the cost is high. Most of the current use of 10-30 square meters of cage size, namely 74 meters, 53 meters, 33 meters, 34 meters and other specifications.
4. The height of the cage is determined by the depth of the water body and the vertical distribution of the plankton. At present, the use of high 1.5-2.5 meters. Deep water can also use cages about 2-4 meters high. However, the distance between the bottom of the cage and the bottom of the tank must be at least 0.5 meters so that the bottom waste can be discharged from the cage.
5. The size of the size of the mesh size box network should be determined according to the breeding object, so as to save the material as much as possible and achieve the principle of the highest exchange rate of the water volume of the cage. If the mesh is too small, not only will the cost of the cage increase, but also the exchange and update of the water flow will be affected. If the mesh is too large, the phenomenon of fish escaping will occur again. Usually stocked with 4cm summer fish species, with mesh 1. 1cm cage; stocking 11-13cm one-year-old fish species, with mesh 2. 5-3 cm cages; cages for growing fish , Use a 3-5 cm mesh cage. In order to make the exchange of water smooth and reduce the number of flushing cages, it is best to change the larger mesh cages as the species grows.
(b) Equipment for cages
1. The types of cage devices vary according to the conditions of the water area, the objects to be reared, and the types of cages. At present, there are three methods for cage installations in China.
(1) The mesh of the floating cage box is tied on the frame tied with bamboo, etc., and the mesh is attached to the lower part of the frame. The ends of the frame are tied together with the rope and the anchor. The mesh was sealed and the frame was floated and floated on the water.
The floating cage is simple in structure, uses less material, has stronger wind resistance, and can float freely with the water level, wind direction, and water flow. The general setting is open on the water surface, the water level is not stable, and the ships come and go with less water.
Floating cages are available in single-floating and multi-floating. A single box floating type is a single box set a place, fixed with a single anchor or double anchor. Its water exchange is good, it is easy to turn the box and clean the cage, but the wind resistance is poor. The multi-box floating type is to connect 3-5 cages in series, with both ends fixed by anchors, and the distance between each row of cages should be more than 50 meters. This method occupies less water, and management is relatively concentrated. It is suitable for large-scale development, but the production effect is not as good as single-box floating.
(2) Fixed cages are generally open-style cages, which are connected by a pile and a crossbar to form a frame. The cage is suspended on the frame. The upper skeleton does not contain a float. The upper and lower corners of the cage are connected to the upper and lower hoop of the pile or On the pulley, it is convenient to adjust the cage for lifting, washing and fishing. The net body is 0.7-1 meters above the water surface, and 1.5-2.5 meters underwater. Usually, the tank cannot be raised or lowered as the water level goes up and down. This method is only applicable to shallow lakes and flat prototype reservoirs with small water level fluctuations. The advantages are low cost, easy operation, easy management, and strong wind resistance. The disadvantages are that they cannot be relocated and are difficult to set up in deep water areas. Moreover, the fish habitat in cages often changes with changes in the water level. Failure to pay attention to timely adjustment will affect the rearing effect. .
(3) The entire cage of the sinking type cage sinks to a predetermined depth in water. The net body is not affected by the change of water level, and the nets are less attached to the material and are less affected by wind waves and currents. They are suitable for use in fish nets and seas where seawater is large. Northern China is often used as a winter fish species when it is wintering. The disadvantages are the inconvenience of operation and the low growth rate and production level of fish schools.
2. The arrangement of the cages and the arrangement of the density cages should be considered to ensure that each cage can exchange water well and that management is convenient. The cages should be sparsely staggered into "goods".
The density of cages should be determined based on water quality conditions and management conditions. The cages for quail breeding and squid fishing are rich in fertilized waters. The cages can account for 1% of the large water surface, and the water quality of the cage is 0.5%. Breeding of food-eating fish depends on the water flow conditions of the water area, the water quality, and the amount of dissolved oxygen. If the water flow is good and the fatness is moderate, if the dissolved oxygen is high, more cages can be set, and vice versa.
3. The depth of the cage set by the cage is generally not more than 3 meters. Due to the distribution of plankton, it accounts for 58.7% of the water within 2 meters, and 2-4.2 meters accounts for 41.3%, especially for small transparency. The body of water and phytoplankton are the most abundant, while the quantity of zooplankton is less than 1-2 meters in the water layer within a depth of 1 meter, and the density is the highest in 2-3 meters. Therefore, for waters with rich water and phytoplankton, cages should be set in shallower water layers, but the bottom of the cage should be 0.5 meters above the bottom. In relatively thin water areas, or cages based on octopus-dominated fisheries, they may be set in deeper water layers, but not too deep.
Third, the choice of cage position cage fish rely on the exchange of water inside and outside the box, to maintain a good ecological environment inside the cage, therefore, the location of the cage set the site environment is good or bad, and cages fish breeding success or failure.
The location of the cage should be as follows: 1 The water surface is wide, the water level is stable, the leeward is sunny, the water temperature is high, the water depth is 3-7 meters, the environment is quiet, the water is fresh, and there is no pollution. The water in the pH value is neutral and alkaline. ;2 Select free-flowing or tidal bodies of water. The water flow rate is generally preferably 0.05-0.2 m/s to ensure the supply of oxygen. The water flow is too fast and often causes the top fish in the tank to swim, consumes physical energy, and affects growth. 3 In cages mainly based on raising pupa and pupa, the water quality should be fertile and plankton should be abundant (usually the amount of phytoplankton per liter of water). More than 2 million, including 3,000 or more zooplankton are water, transparency 30-50 cm, water containing less impurities in the sediment. The water quality is turbid, which is not conducive to the growth of plankton.
Fourth, fish breeding cages fish farming, mainly based on water quality and feed sources. Water bodies with rich water quality and rich natural foods should be mainly cultured and squid. Water is thin, water clarity is more than 50 cm, and water is light. It is not suitable to raise cockroaches and carp, and fish that feed and feed feed, such as grass carp, clam, tilapia, California chaff, osmanthus fish, etc., eat fish. Class is good.
(1) Preparation of fish species before entering cages Careful inspection of holes and slits should be made prior to launching cages. Fish cages should be installed in advance and put into the aquaculture waters 3-5 days before they are put into the cage. After the nets are soaked and covered with algae, the cages can be fully expanded and the fish body can be avoided.
Summer flowers into the box 10 days before, began to pull the net in the original pond to exercise, not less than 3 times, the time of intensive training to increase in length, this is one of the key measures to ensure the survival rate into the box. When the fish fry need long-distance transportation, after 3 times of training, the fry to be transported is put into a cloth pool set in another fresh water pond, and after a night of “dumping waterâ€, it is shipped the next morning to improve the survival of the fish. rate.
(II) Stocking of fish species
1. (1) Stocking and stocking of squid species (1) Stocking ratio and mix proportion When fish species are raised in cages, lakes, reservoirs, etc. in cages, the proportion of their natural foods varies depending on the composition of the waters. In water bodies with relatively good water quality, less transparency, and more phytoplankton, maggots should be the dominant species, and carp should be supplemented. The body of zooplankton with more water is more transparent. In addition, omnivorous and predatory fish such as tilapia, cockroach, cockroach, cockroach, or head louse must be properly used to remove attached algae on the wall.
(2) Stocking specifications for common fish cages, summer stocking specifications require 3 cm or more, should not be small. Neat specifications, bright body, strong body, no damage to the body surface.
(3) Stocking Density Net cages Cultivating fish species is a high-density culture. The stocking densities should be based on the amount of plankton in the water body, the exchange of water in the cage, and the level of feeding and management techniques. The general waters cultivate fish species with 50-200 tails per cubic meter of summer flowers, 200-400 tails for fertilizers, and 500-600 tails for fertile water. When cultivating second-instar fish, 20-60 tails of 10-13 cm fish species are usually stocked per cubic metre.
In fact, within a certain density range, increasing the stocking density can increase the population production of the fingerlings, but the individual size of the out-of-the-box fingerlings is relatively small, and appropriately reducing the density can correspondingly increase the specification of the fingerlings out of the box.
The level of management technology is related to the survival rate of fish species. At present, the survival rate of higher management technology can reach more than 80%, and most units are about 60%. In production, the death of cage fish species mainly occurs at the beginning of the box, and the main cause of death is due to careless operation during exercise and transportation, resulting in injury to the fish. Therefore, when the fishes enter the box, strict body surface disinfection must be performed. Check the box once a week or so and supplement it. It is best to put enough fish at a time.
Based on our assessment of the potential for production, and the out-of-box specifications we require, refer to the survival rate index. The following formula can be used to calculate the stocking density.
Number of fish per square metre = Per square meter Capacity per kg of fish species Number of fingerlings survival rate
2. Cage Restocking Fish Cage Restocking Feeding fish requires fresh water, low fertilizer, adequate dissolved oxygen (5 mg oxygen/liter), and a water flow rate of around 0.2 m/s.
The stocking density of feeding fish species can be much higher than that of common carp species, which mainly depends on the exchange of water, the level of dissolved oxygen, and the supply of feed and the species cultivated. The water flow is large, the flow rate is about 0.2 m/sec, the water quality is good, the dissolved oxygen is high, and the feed is sufficient. The stocking capacity can reach 1000/m2. For waters with small water exchange and water quality, the stocking density should not be too high.
When cages are used to cultivate fish species, it is advisable to replace cages of different sizes in time with the growth of fish. Three sizes of cages are generally used from fingerlings to growers. For example, if the summer fish is used for breeding, use a net cage with a 1.1 cm mesh; for a 8 cm fingerling, use a 2 cm mesh net cage; for a 11-13 cm one-year old finger, use a mesh size of 2.5-3 cm. Net cages; fish species above 20 cm, cages with a mesh of 5-6 cm. This will not only improve the exchange of water in the cage, but also save the cost of the cage.
5. Feeding and Management of Cage Fish Cage Fish culture is a high-density method of fish farming. Strict feeding and management are the fundamental guarantee for success.
(1) Daily management The daily management of cage fish farming should be carried out around the prevention of diseases, escape prevention, and prevention of enemy predators. A special person should be responsible for frequent inspections to observe the fish’s food and activities, find timely treatment of fish diseases, and focus on the prevention of fish diseases during the epidemic season. Checking the cages should always be done in conjunction with the clearing box to check whether the cages are damaged or not. Holes that are bitten by rats should be immediately repaired if damaged. In the flood season and typhoon season, it is necessary to strengthen preventive measures to ensure the safety of cages. Due to deformation or displacement of the cage caused by strong winds, it is necessary to arrange in time to ensure a reasonable distance between the effective space in the cage and the cage. When the water level drops, it must be shifted in time to avoid mud at the bottom of the tank. It is necessary to constantly check whether fish is penetrated into the cage, and conditions should be set to prevent the enemy from blocking. In order to prevent bird damage, open cages should be regularly inspected to understand the growth of fish, analyze existing problems, and take appropriate measures in time. Memorize cage diaries for fish culture, accumulate experience, make plans, and improve technical skills.
(2) Reasonable feeding of feeds Currently, fish farming in cages has been dominated by squid that use natural foods, and it has been developed to develop culturing methods based on eating fish. This requires feeding natural or artificial food.
Feeding fish into cages should be fed with different feeds and feeds depending on the species and density of the fish cultured, the fish growth conditions, water quality, climatic conditions, etc. At present, most of the farmed fish are fed artificially supplemented with feed pellets and feed on other natural foods such as grass, fish, shrimp, and mollusk meat. A small number of carnivorous fish are fed fish or live fish, shrimp and so on.
The composition of the pellet feed and the amount ratio of each ingredient will vary with the cultured fish, so it is necessary to study the formulation of the feed. Feeding amount Under normal circumstances, the daily feed is 3-5% of the total body weight of the fish, divided into 2-4 feedings, and it is advisable to eat 30 minutes each time. A feed table is preferably provided in the cage to prevent feed loss and to facilitate the removal of debris.
(3) After cleaning cage net cages, a large amount of pollution will be attached after 3-5 days, which will later be attached by some algae or other organisms. In severe cases, the mesh is blocked, affecting the exchange of water inside and outside the cage. The more water there is, the more attachments there are; the smaller the mesh, the more serious the degree of attachment. Generally within the maximum 1 meter water layer, if it is not cleaned in time, it will cause the deterioration of water quality, lack of oxygen, lack of bait and affect the growth of fish. Therefore, the cleaning cage is one of the important measures in feeding and management.
There are several ways to clean the cage.
1. Manually cleaning sporadic cages are often cleaned manually. Every 5 days or so, the nets are lifted and scrubbed and tapped with brooms, branches, brushes, etc.
2. In the case of large-scale mechanical cleaning operations, lift the cage and rinse it with a high-pressure water gun to remove dirt from the cage.
3. The bio-removal tanks are polycultured and eat fish that adhere to algae, such as salmon, tilapia, and mussels. This method not only saves labor and money, but also increases fish production per unit area.
4. Sun exposure exposes half of the net out of the water to expose it to the sun. At a temperature of 37-38°C, the net is exposed for about 55 minutes. At a temperature of 30-31°C, the filamentous algae and other organisms attached to the cage are exposed for 85 minutes. Sun burns. Then convert the other half of the box. Or replace the cages with more attachments and put them in the sun to expose the attached organisms. Then tap and clear them. Polyethylene is often exposed to aging and should not be often exposed to sunlight.
5. The caisson method sinks the closed cage into the water at a depth of 3-5 meters, causing the algae to die off in the low-light environment with insufficient photosynthesis.
6. The drug removal method exposes the mesh of each part of the cage to the surface of the water and sprinkles with lime water or ash to make the attached creatures die without sunlight. The use of a 0.7-1.0 PPM copper sulfate solution on a mesh sheet has a certain effect on the killing of filamentous algae.
(d) Fish species raised out of the box can be fed to lakes and reservoirs after being raised to a certain size. Generally out of the box in the autumn and winter, early out of the box as early as possible. Fish species should be properly intensively exercised before leaving the tank to avoid injury or death during acceptance counts. Acceptance includes weight, specification, survival rate, yield, etc. Yields are counted using the gravimetric method, sampling no less than 2 times, each weighing 2 to 2.5 kg.
When the water temperature dropped to about 10°C, the fish had basically stopped feeding. At this time, they are not stocked or sold. They can be sorted by different types and different specifications and then fed separately. The stocking density is 1.5-2.5 kg per cubic meter of fish.
(e) Wintering of cages In order to increase the size and quality of large-scale water stocks and reduce the burden on overwintering fish ponds, cages can be used for wintering.
Wherever the water quality is good, the water depth is more than 3 meters and the water level in the winter is relatively stable, the cages can be used for winter. The cage used for overwintering is closed and the mesh is 2.0-2.5 cm. The cage size is 842 meters or 742 meters and can also be used with 2 year old fish cages. The frame of the cage should be strong and durable, and maintain a considerable buoyancy. With a wooden frame as a frame, a plastic float must be attached to prevent the wooden frame from soaking and sinking for a long time. Shen Zi available cast iron, ceramics, stones and so on. Regardless of the type of material used to make the frame, float, and sinker, it must be ensured that the cage is in the correct shape, the buoyancy is adequate, and the water layer is adequate.
Before entering the box, the fish species must undergo exercise. When the cage-cultivated fish species is transferred to the overwintering box, they can be exercised with a little encryption. The fish species cultivated in ponds should undergo two or more pull-net exercises. Into the box fish species should be more than 2.5 inches in order to ensure a higher survival rate. After the fish species in the box are scratched, they are easily infected with watery mildew and die. This is one of the main reasons for the death of overwintering species. To avoid damaging the species, the operation should be carefully performed and the operation should be performed at a low temperature of about 10°C. .
The stocking density of wintering fingerlings differs from the purpose of dissolved oxygen and overwintering in water. If the minimum dissolved oxygen level in the overwintering water layer is more than 5 mg/l, the fish species placed in this water layer can be arranged at a density of 8-20 kg/m3. For the purpose of cultivating second-instar fingerlings or breeding adult fish, the density should be smaller. With autumn and winter into the box once enough for the right.
Wintering cages must not sink, at least 0.5 meters above the bottom.
Six, cages to develop fish (a) cages to develop the fish into the net cages to develop into fish is a simple and convenient, less investment, quick results in the breeding method. In recent years, fish farming in cages has developed rapidly throughout the country and the economic benefits are very good. At present, there are several ways for cages to grow fish:
1. Choose fertile waters, abundant plankton, water flow nets to set up cages, mainly to feed filter-feeding cockroaches and catfish, with 5-10% of tilapia and other scraping fish, without bait or less labor Bait
2. Water cages with particularly good water quality or suburban domestic sewage are selected to raise tilapia mainly at a high density, and feeds are properly fed;
3. Set cages in waters with good water quality to store grass carp, squid, squid, California oysters, squid, osmanthus fish, and other food quality fish, with tilapia and squid and squid. The stocking size should be larger, and the stocking amount depends on the water quality, the source of the fish, the condition of the feed, and the level of the farming technique, and the stocking rate is 20-200 per cubic meter. It depends entirely on manual feeding of roughage, but also on the basis of nutrient requirements, processing and preparation of pelleted food.
(b) Feed formulation for cage cultured fish. Formulated with pelleted feeds 25-50% protein, 20-40% sugar, 5-10% fat. It is necessary to reasonably arrange the balance between essential amino acids, vitamins, inorganic substances, and nutrients in the ingredients of the formula, and to make the formulated foods have sufficient energy. Due to the different types of cage culture, the bait formulation used is also different. There are also differences in the nutrient composition contained in the same bait raw materials from different places of production. The feed formulation often has certain localities. It is necessary to conduct feeding experiments and adjust the formula according to the test results.
Cage fish farming
Fish culture in cages is a scientific method of fish farming that has been gradually developed on the basis of "holding up". It uses a mesh box assembled into a certain shape of the box, set in a larger body of water, through the mesh inside and outside the cage exchange of water, so that a suitable fish live in the cage to create a "living water" environment. Net cages can be used for high-density cultivation of fish species or intensive fish farming. The cage fish farming method is mobile, flexible, simple, high-yield, and has a wide adaptability to water areas, and has a promising future in China's sea and freshwater aquaculture industry.