When it comes to autumn and winter, when eating chestnut, fried chestnut is very common. You only know that chestnut is delicious, but do you know that it actually needs technical management? Many growers say that their chestnuts are often empty, which leads to a decline in production. So why is there an empty space? . First, the formation of chestnut empty and the reasons for it 1. The severity of the occurrence of open space The high empty rate of chestnut has always been one of the important reasons hindering chestnut production. The empty chestnut is the chestnut in the chestnut, and the masses are called "dumbs." This phenomenon of open space (or empty shed) seriously affects the yield of chestnut. According to the survey, the area where chestnuts grow normally has an average of 10%-20% open space, and the high regional openness rate is 50%-90%, and some of the whole plants are almost empty. In fact, the occurrence of chestnut vacancies has a certain regional nature. This year, there is an empty space. It will appear every year in the future, and it will be serious every year. It is especially grafted, sometimes it is a piece of open space. This empty problem has already been It has become a serious problem in the production of chestnuts. Therefore, the prevention and control of chestnut emptiness is imperative. The characteristic of chestnut openness is that the total scorpion (Hedgehog) grows stagnant during the development process, forming a spherical-shaped total scorpion of walnut size, which remains green. By the maturity of the chestnut, the normal normal cockroaches turn from green to yellow, causing separation from the layers, and the emptiness is not easy to fall off, even later than the leaves fall off. The chestnuts in the total scorpion are dry, only the size of broad beans, and there is no shell and no meat. The total rind is very thick and consumes a lot of nutrients during development. 2, the cause of the open space The empty space of chestnut is a serious national problem that has attracted the attention of many researchers around the world. There are also different perspectives on the reasons for the void. There are three main points to summarize: The first view is that it is a nutritional problem. Because of malnutrition, it can't satisfy the nutrients needed for nut growth and development, so some embryos stop developing and produce empty space. The second view is that it is caused by poor pollination and fertilization in the chestnut flowering period. It can be known from the embryonic development process of chestnut that the empty embryo is aborted at an early stage, such as not fully fertilized, and the fruit is dried up. If the chestnut flowering period is continuous and rainy, the open rate is also relatively high. The third view is that open space is an intrinsic characteristic of chestnut varieties, which shows that some varieties have little or no open space, while some varieties have high openness. Therefore, the number of openness in the selection of seed is a criterion for the breed Liangzhu, which is hereditary. Regarding the first viewpoint, in most of the chestnut producing areas in China, the lack of boron is the main cause of chestnut emptying through experiments and soil analysis. Boron is an essential element in the process of fertilization. Boron deficiency leads to the development of the reproductive organs of the chestnut, which leads to the abortion of the ovule. The lack of boron can not be fertilized normally, leading to early embryo abortion, which is the main cause of chestnut emptyness. Regarding the second viewpoint, the pollination combination test was carried out by the Changli Fruit Research Institute of Hebei Province. The results showed that the emptying rate of male flowers without pollination was 100%, and the emptying rate of self-pollination was 42.9%. There is almost no space. Studies at Huazhong Agricultural University have also confirmed that poor pollination and fertilization is one of the main reasons for the formation of empty chestnut. According to a survey conducted by the Zhejiang Forestry Research Institute, the years of rainy and rainy years are severe, and the reason is that the rainy weather affects normal fertilization. Regarding the third viewpoint, the current research is not many. In most of the chestnut producing areas in China, if attention is paid to nutrition and cross-pollination, the emptying rate can be basically reduced to less than 10%. However, some varieties still have a high open rate after the above treatment, which may be determined by the heredity of the variety itself. Second, chestnut open control measures 1. Choose a good variety of chestnut with high seed setting rate There are many excellent varieties of chestnut suitable for planting in southern China. In the construction of the park, you should choose those chestnut varieties with high fruiting rate and high yield, such as Nongda No.1, Double Jelly, and Iron Grain Head. 2. Reasonable matching of pollination trees Chestnut is a cross-pollinated plant with a low self-pollination rate. In production, care should be taken to avoid the cultivation of a single species, and appropriate pollination trees should be deployed. Please pay attention to the article "Selection and Configuration of Chestnut Pollination Tree" on January 30th, "The Fruit Tree". 3. Rational application of boron fertilizer Boron application can significantly inhibit the formation of chestnut open space, but the amount of boron applied must be appropriate. Generally, 3 to 4 years old and young trees, about 10 to 10 kilograms of borax per plant is appropriate, and large trees should be applied more appropriately, but each plant should not exceed 0.25 kilograms. If the amount of boron is too much, the phytotoxicity will occur, showing the symptoms of boron poisoning: the edge of the leaf and the lateral veins of the leaves appear brown, the leaves become brittle, the main vein bends to the back of the leaf, and in the case of severe, the vein is green. In addition, other areas are scorched, and the leaves gradually wither and even kill the plants. Therefore, it is necessary to master the amount of boron applied to achieve the purpose of effectively preventing the occurrence of open space without causing phytotoxicity. When applying boron, it is required to apply a region with a large distribution of fibrous roots on the periphery of the canopy. The effect of applying boron can last for several years, and it does not need to be applied for several years. It can be applied once every two to three years. Foliar spray of boron is a very effective method, but its effect is not as good as soil. It may be that the waxy layer of the chestnut leaves is thick, and the leaf surface absorption is difficult. It may also be that the leaves are absorbed and transported to the reproductive organs and are not as good as the roots. Foliar spray of boron has certain effects on the control of open space. For example, spraying 0.3% borax solution at flowering stage, the open rate is 47.75%, while the control tree is 62.16%. If boron is sprayed for years, the effect is more obvious, indicating that the boron content in the tree after spraying boron can be continuously increased, which has a certain effect on reducing the openness rate in the future. Foliar application of boron fertilizer is usually combined with spraying other fertilizers, such as 0.2% borax + 0.3% urea + 0.25% potassium dihydrogen phosphate. Foliar spraying is preferred for spraying once in the leaf-expanding stage, the initial flowering stage, and the full-flowering stage. 4. Rational application of plant growth regulators Rational application of plant growth regulators can coordinate the relationship between vegetative growth and reproductive growth of plants and promote the reproductive growth of chestnut. For example, spraying paclobutrazol 0.5 g / liter can increase the seed setting rate to a certain extent. The above is all about the empty chestnuts, no matter what crops are planted, the production is the first step, so in order to ensure their own benefits, the chestnut air defense must be in place!
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