Animal anesthesia before surgery is not only to reduce animal pain to meet animal welfare requirements, but also to ensure the smooth operation of animal surgery. At present, injection anesthesia (such as sodium pentobarbital, chloral hydrate, urethane, ketamine) is most common in animal anesthesia in China. The advantage is that it does not require expensive equipment, only a syringe is needed, but after the anesthetic is injected into the animal, After the liver has been metabolized, the animal will wake up and the anesthesia time is very long, generally lasting 2-5 hours. Because of the individual differences in the animals, the injection dose is difficult to master, and the overdose of the animal causes excessive anesthesia of the animal. Anesthesia or anesthesia is slower. In developed countries, gas inhalation anesthesia is very common, with the following significant common advantages compared to traditional drug injection anesthesia:

Animals enter the anesthesia state faster, and wake up is also rapid. Once the anesthesia is stopped, the animal can usually wake up within 2 minutes;

The depth of anesthesia is easy to control. If the animal is found to be in poor condition during the operation, the anesthesia can be stopped immediately or the oxygen can be quickly resuscitated, so the safety is very good;

Animal morbidity and mortality are low, and the success rate of animal surgery is high;

The anesthetic is not involved in metabolism in the body, and is almost completely discharged from the alveoli by breathing, which has no effect on the experimental results, and the research results are easily recognized internationally.

In specific practical applications, we can clearly see the advantages of isoflurane inhalation anesthesia. Here are some typical animal surgery scenarios, as follows:

Chronic administration of cannula, microdialysis, light stimulation (optogenetics), physiological signal recording

The catheter is implanted into the skull. After the animal is restored, the catheter cap is first pulled out, and then the injection inner tube (probe or fiber) is implanted, and the syringe (laser) is connected through a tube (fiber jumper). However, the process of implanting the inner tube (probe or fiber) and the connecting line (fiber patch) (as shown in Figures 1, 2 and 3), although it takes a short time, is a few minutes, if Animals are not anesthetized, animals will struggle, and poor coordination will result in inability to intubate (insert fiber); if it is performed after anesthesia such as sodium pentobarbital or urethane, the operation is easy, but these anesthesia methods last for a long time. , often up to 2-5 hours, is not conducive to the late administration of conscious free-acting animals or light stimulation, and additionally increases the side effects caused by the use of these anesthetics, the measured indicators are not accurate, affecting the objectivity of the experimental results and reliability. However, if isoflurane inhalation anesthesia is used, these problems are avoided and the operation is simple. Simply place the animal on the experimental platform and bring an anesthesia mask to start the operation.

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the casing implantation process

MCAO cerebral ischemia, myocardial ischemia modeling surgery

Some common thoracotomy or deep surgery, for example, MCAO cerebral ischemia and myocardial ischemia modeling (Figures 4 and 5) for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular studies, animal mortality is often higher, and there are ways to use injection anesthesia. A large relationship, such as excessive anesthesia time, inability to control the depth of anesthesia, abnormal rescue during surgery, slower recovery of the animal, and stronger respiratory inhibition of the anesthetic may lead to this result. However, if you use isoflurane inhalation anesthesia, you can avoid the negative results caused by injection anesthesia, to ensure that the surgical process is controllable and smooth, and to ensure that the animals wake up quickly after surgery, greatly reducing animal mortality; The operation is simple, just place the animal on the experimental platform, with the cover, you can start the operation.

Brain and spinal cord trauma modeling surgery

After the brain and spinal cord hit the wound model, if the animal is anesthetized for too long and the animal can not wake up quickly, the animal needs to be kept warm, otherwise it will increase the risk of death of the animal; if in the process of attack, use isoflurane inhalation Anesthesia, the animal can quickly wake up after modeling, obviously can avoid the risk of animal death.

(The spinal cord hitter from Reward, model: 68097)

Small animal blood collection

Blood collection is a common type of technique in animal research. Common methods of blood collection include veins, arteries, eyelids, and blood sampling. In these blood collection processes, the traditional method is to directly collect blood by grasping the fixed animal by hand (as shown in Fig. 6), or to collect blood after using anesthesia with ether or injection. However, these methods have certain disadvantages, for example, If the animal is directly grasped, additional pressure will be added to the animal, and a stress response will be generated. The blood-related indicators will be affected. If anesthesia is used for anesthesia, the anesthesia time is short. If the blood collection operation is unskilled, it needs to be performed multiple times. Anesthesia, and the ether is very irritating, the body is very uncomfortable after inhalation, and the respiratory tract stimulation of the animal is also very strong. Special anesthesia is required for anesthesia, otherwise the animal is very likely to die. If isoflurane inhalation anesthesia is used, these difficulties are overcome and the operation is simple. Simply place the animal on the experimental platform and bring an anesthesia mask to start the operation. If the blood is collected in batches, the efficiency is very high.

Intravenous administration

Methods of administration by injection include muscle, subcutaneous, and intravenous injection. Before the injection, the traditional animal fixation method uses a fixer (as shown in Figure 7). However, even after the animal is fixed, it is often not very compatible, and the tail vein injection operation is difficult, so the success of the one-time injection is successful. The rate is low, and the operation of the fixed animal takes a long time; if the animal is kept anesthetized in order to keep the animal quiet, the injection operation is easy, but the animal anesthesia is too long, and the animal is not allowed to die and cannot be rescued. risk. If you use an isoflurane for anesthesia before injecting the drug, place the animal directly on the experimental platform and bring an anesthesia mask. The animal will be very quiet, which is beneficial to intravenous drug injection, and the work efficiency is greatly improved. After removing the mask, the animal Quickly awakened, there is almost no risk of death, and isoflurane does not participate in metabolism in the body, and does not affect physiological indicators.

Pharmacodynamic evaluation (animal behavior testing after administration)

In the preclinical pharmacodynamic study of a new drug, animal behavior testing is also a common method. After animal administration, a basic requirement for animal behavior testing in a short period of time (eg, within half an hour) is that the animal is in a state of liberty that is free to move. If anesthesia is used during the administration, the behavioral observation cannot be performed normally on time due to the long time of anesthesia. If the anesthesia is inhaled with isoflurane, the animal will wake up quickly after administration, and the animal behavior observation can be performed according to the experiment. The plan is carried out normally and various behavior indicators are obtained.

Effects of isoflurane anesthesia and injection anesthesia (sodium pentobarbital, chloralose, urethane, ketamine, propofol) on experimental results

Up to now, there have been many reports on the effects of isoflurane inhalation anesthesia and injection anesthesia (pentabarbital sodium, chloralose, urethane, ketamine, propofol) on the experimental results, typical reports will be provided subsequently... You can refer to the following documents first:
1. The Impact of Four Different Classes of Anesthetics on the Mechanisms of Blood Pressure Regulation in Normotensive and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. M. BENCZE, M. BEHULIAK, J. ZICHA. Physiol. Res. 62: 471-478, 2013
2. Neuroprotective effects of lactate in brain ischemia: dependence on anesthetic drugs. Horn T , Klein J . Neurochem Int 2013 Jan.
3. Inhaled carbon dioxide causes dose-dependent paradoxicalbradypnea in animals anesthetized with pentobarbital, but not with isoflurane or ketamine. Yehuda Ginosar, Nathalie Corchia Nachmanson, Joel Shapiro, Charles Weissman, Rinat Abramovitch, Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 217 (2015) 1–7.
4. Effect of pentobarbital and isoflurane on acute stress response in rat. Xue-Yan Wu, Yu-Ting Hu et al. Physiology & Behavior 145 (2015) 118–121.

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