Chestnut is a special kind of nut. Many people like to eat it. How can Yanshan chestnut be saved? Let's take a look at the cultivation techniques of the chestnut stagnation garden in Yanshan, Hebei.

First, the status quo of cultivation

1. 1 Orchard has been closed

The planting density is too large, the tree body is too high, the densely planted orchard, the thin plant management, the returning farmland to forest project requires the construction of a high-density ecological forest with a distance of 2 meters and a row spacing of 3 meters. The pruning can be followed by conventional pruning techniques, and now the canopy is 100. %, the height of the tree reaches more than 7 meters, and the phenomenon of internal emptiness and peripheral results generally occurs. Temporary lines and temporary strains were not treated in time, and the group structure and individual structure were unreasonable, affecting light utilization and affecting yield and quality. The cost of trimming labor is increased and the economic efficiency is low.

1. 2 harmful organisms are serious

The chestnut-winged moth, the chestnut-like nail, and the chestnut black spot are severely affected, and the tree is extremely weak.

1. 3 extensive use of chemical herbicides

Due to the high cost of harvesting labor and the high cost of manual weeding, in order to reduce costs, a large number of chemical herbicides are used, which both pollute the land and weaken the tree.

1. 4 serious mining

In order to pursue the early sale of trees and sell high prices, the chestnuts are ripe for ripening, the maturity is not enough, the chestnut black spot disease is serious, the quality of the fruit is poor, and the price is low.

Second, labor-saving cultivation techniques

2. 1 Soil Management

Horizontal terraces, horizontal ditches or fish scale pits are built in the mountains. Flat chessboard basin. The natural grass is fertilized and the chemical weeding and clearing mode is disabled, and the natural grass weeding mode is changed. Each year, the shoulder-type brush cutter is castrated twice, which can play the role of maintaining soil and water and fertilizing soil. It also reduces labor intensity and reduces production expenses.

2. 2 Fertilizer Management

Soil topdressing, in the growing season, after mowing the grass, the urea is applied under the tree before the rain, to raise the grass with fertilizer, and to raise the land with grass. After the weeds in the rainy season are vigorously castrated, 150 kg of urea is applied per 1 hectare of surface and fertilized twice a year. The tree absorbs a part, the grass absorbs a part, and the grass grows and grows, and the soil organic matter content is increased after cutting and decaying. After the fruit is harvested, the fertilization gun is applied under the tree tray to apply the water-soluble fertilizer for one time, which changes the labor cost of conventional burrowing soil fertilization, and saves labor and labor. Foliar topdressing, spraying potassium, calcium and boron foliar fertilizer on the foliar surface in early May and early August, combined with avermectin and chlorfenapyricide to control red spider and chestnut.

2. 3 Water Management

Watering before germination, after the soil is frozen, the chestnut tree is poured once before germination, which can promote the development of female flowers and increase the yield. The hole is stored in the water. In the spring, under the canopy, the hole is 40 cm deep and 40 cm in diameter. The size of the hole can also be determined by the size of the canopy. The corn stalk is cut into 40 cm segments and the diameter is 40. The bundle of centimeters is soaked in clean water and placed in a bundle at each hole. The mouth of the hole is covered with a plastic cloth and is surrounded by soil. One hole is placed in the center of the plastic cloth, and 1 tile is fastened on the hole to facilitate the flow of rainwater from the hole into the hole. When it is necessary to water in the case of drought, pry open the plastic sheet, spread the fertilizer on it, water 5 kg per hole, cover with plastic cloth and buckle the tiles. Continuous use for 2 to 3 years, saving labor and effort.

Third, pruning

3. 1 Adjusting the tree structure of the chestnut garden

Temporary plants and temporary rows are identified and treated. The orchards have been severely closed, and temporary plants or temporary trees are directly cut down. If the orchard is close to the canopy, the temporary plant can be first, happy and properly dried, and the main branch extending to the plant will be thinned out to become a "Y" shape, giving way to the permanent plant until it is freed. Replace the temporary plant or the temporary tree with a new one.

3. 2 Reduce tree height and reduce useless branches

(1) The double-layer five-master layer delays the happy shape. There are 3 main branches in the first layer, each of which is 50 cm apart, with 2 to 3 side branches on each main branch, and the first side branches are more than 50 cm away from the center. The horizontal azimuth between the three main branches is 120 degrees, the vertical angle is 70 degrees, the waist angle is 90 degrees, and the tip angle is 80 degrees. There are 2 main branches in the 2nd layer, the layer spacing is about 1.5 meters (the distance between the 3rd and 4th main branches), and each main branch on the 2nd layer is equipped with 1~2 main side branches or large result branches, 2 The side branches are more than 50 cm away from the center. The main branch has a horizontal azimuth of 180 degrees, a vertical angle of 60 degrees, a waist angle of 80 degrees, and a tip angle of 70 degrees. The height of the tree is controlled below 4. 5 meters. This tree shape is suitable for use on permanent plants.

(2) The three main branches are naturally happy.

The dry height is about 80 cm, and the three main branches are placed at a horizontal azimuth of about 120 degrees, and there is no center dry. The main branch has a vertical angle of 70 degrees, a waist angle of 80 degrees, and a tip angle of 60 degrees. There are 2 to 3 side branches on each main branch. The first side branch is 50 cm from the trunk (not less than 50 cm). The height of the tree is controlled below 2. 5 meters. This tree shape is suitable for the opening of the main branch angle on the temporary strain.

(3) Goblet shape. The dry height is 100-120 cm, and three main branches are born. The horizontal azimuth is 120 degrees, and there is no center dry. The main branch has a vertical angle of 60 degrees, a waist angle of 80 degrees, and a tip angle of 70 degrees. Each main branch has 2 to 3 lateral branches, the first branch is 50 cm from the trunk (not less than 50 cm), and the lateral branch angle is greater than 90 degrees. 5米。 The tree height is controlled at 2. 5 ~ 3. 5 meters. The whole tree is like a tall water cup. This tree shape is suitable for the erect variety of the main branch angle.

(4) The two main branches are "Y" shaped. The dry height is 60 cm and the two main branches extend between the rows. There are several result branch groups on each main branch. This tree shape is suitable for transforming the temporary plant tree shape. When the permanent plant fills the space, the temporary strain is removed.

3. 3 trimming measures

The main branches with low base and squat neck growth are removed by stages, and the height of the trunk is appropriately increased, which is conducive to the ventilation and light transmission in the lower part of the canopy and the production management operations such as cutting, harvesting and harvesting, and achieving labor-saving cultivation.

Chestnut cultivation is the first planting of seedlings. After 2 to 3 years of survival, it is grafted from the ground 20 to 40 cm. After the survival, 3 to 4 branches are germinated. Most of the fruit growers use the first bud as the center to extend the branches, and the following 3 or so. One of the branches does not go, when the main branch is cultivated. At the same time, due to the influence of the pursuit of early results in the past, the pruning emphasizes low dryness and short crown, which causes the main branch of the base to be too low, the lower branches and leaves are poorly ventilated, and the base has no result branches. In order to pursue the results of the strong branches, the production is more sturdy and the branches are weak, and the base branches are weak and are removed. This results in the formation of guilty baldness, peripheral results, and canopy closure. At present, most of the tree shape of chestnut in Xinglong County is a natural round head shape with multiple main branches at the base, and the outer surface is the result. In this way, the tree shape should be reconstructed. The first step is to properly raise the height of the trunk. Generally speaking, starting from the nearest main branch from the ground, one main branch is removed every year, and the main branches of the three bases are removed from the ground by about 3 years. In the high position, the large branch with good angle is cultivated into the first 3 layers of the main branch.

Happy to fall, control the tree high. At present, the round-headed tree is more than 7 meters high, and all of them are surface single-layer results. There is no result branch in the inner ridge. The upper part of the upper part of the tree covers the lower layer and the inner light of the raft. It must be happy to the upper center, and it is reasonable according to the planting density. 5至4. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Meter. Shrinking the window. Raising the trunk, happy, the problem of the top and bottom of the canopy is basically solved, but the light in the middle of the canopy and the inner lining is still unresolved. It is required to remove and retract some of the large branches in the middle of the canopy, layering the cylindrical tall tree crown to form a flat dumbbell shape. The canopy, so that the canopy can be ventilated and permeable in both the upper and lower sides.

Cultivate new results, update old and weak results, and achieve alternate rotation updates. For the double-stranded forks in the same direction caused by the pruning of the two dragons in the past, the results of one big branch are retained, and the other branch is retracted by a branch of about 3 cm in the base branch. The new part of the contraction grows into a new succession branch. After the succession ability of the succession branch, the large branch that originally retained the result is removed from the occurrence of the succession branch, and the alternate rotation of the big branch is realized.

The result of the apex result branch group branch rotation alternately. When pruning, select a strong branch on the same direction branch that is separated from the same branch, and choose one or two strong result mother branches as required, and the other one has no result ability or too much The result of the branch group is 2~3 cm in the base of the 2nd to 4th year, and the scorpion is cut off from the base of the scorpion. The next year, 1~2 mediocre fruiting branches are sprouted from the base of the scorpion, when the length of the branches is shorter than At 50 cm, no summer shears are required; when the length is more than 50 cm, it is necessary to leave about 30 cm at approximately 50 cm and remove 2 leaves. When the secondary branches grow to about 20 cm, they continue to pick the heart, and promote the growth of the flower buds, which becomes the result of the next year. In the second year of winter shearing, the newly formed female branch is retained, and the branch group with the upper retention result is cut off at the base by 2 to 3 cm, and the base is given a new result, so that the cycle alternates. . This method reduces the number of branches and solves the problem of ventilation and light transmission, and the second concentrates on nutrients, which can achieve the results of the inside and outside of the canopy, the stereoscopic results, the results of successive years, and the good results. The third is to keep the result part from moving out. Increase production and improve quality.

Fourth, flower and fruit management

The 5% borax is mixed with 0.5% borax and mixed with 0.5% borax in 1 week before flowering and 1 week after flowering. Appropriate harvesting, prohibiting the use of green, insisting on natural harvesting, harvesting by variety, storage and sale of varieties. Avoid mixing, storing and selling fruits of different mature varieties in early, middle and late maturing. When the total sputum cracks more than 70%, the chestnut can be harvested at one time. After harvesting the chestnuts, do not store them in a concentrated manner. Spread them in the shade and let the chestnuts dissipate the heat absorbed in the field. The storage will not cause fever and mildew. Low temperature, protection from light, ventilation, waterproof storage, cold storage. For short-term storage, the double-layered soaked wet linen is packed with chestnuts and placed in a single layer. The shed is covered with a shed, and the bag is checked once a day for 7 to 10 days.

V. Pest control

Before germination (from late March to early April), spray 5 Bomei or 200 times crystal sulphur mixture to kill winter pests and pathogens such as spider mites and chestnut mites. After germination (from late April to early May), spray 0.5 times Baume or 500 times crystal sulphur mixture to kill wintering pests and pathogens such as spider mites and chestnut mites. The avermectin and the chlorfenapyr were sprayed once before and after the Dragon Boat Festival to control the red spider and the stalk. In August and mid-August, the insecticide was sprayed once according to the insect condition to control the chestnut.

6. Economic benefits

According to estimates, the economic benefits of 1 hectare of cultivation will be 23,350 yuan, equivalent to an economic benefit of 1,557 yuan.

Sports Change Robe

China good supplier for Waterproof Change Robe, beach surf robe, swimming Change Robe, Paddle change robe, hi vis safety jacket, Reflective Safety Jacket, rainy coat, safety work wear pants and etc.

Sports Change Robe,High Quality Sports Change Robe,Waterproof Dry Change Robe,Surfing Robe

Suzhou Golden Gamrnet MFG Co.,Ltd , https://www.suzhoumfg.com