Colored sweet peppers are rich in multivitamins, which promote digestion and accelerate fat metabolism. At present, soilless cultivation can be used. Let's take a look at the new technology of soilless cultivation of colored sweet peppers and greenhouse peppers. First, the greenhouse facilities The greenhouse where fruit-type sweet peppers are grown can be single or multi-storey. The greenhouse for planting fruit-type sweet peppers in the production base is a 12-story plastic greenhouse. The total floor area of ​​the shed is 4860 m2, the width of a single building is 9 m, the height of the shoulder is 3.4 m, the height of the top is 5.5 m, and the length is 45 m. The top of the shed is equipped with a sunshade system and a ventilation system. The insect net is designed around the shed. The drip irrigation pipe system is fully installed in the shed. The cultivation tank used for soilless cultivation is made of reinforced concrete, which is 100 cm long, 20 cm wide and 20 cm high. It can also be replaced by plastic PVC cultivation tank or plastic foam tank of the same specification. Two drainage holes with a diameter of about 1 cm are designed at the bottom of the cultivation tank (box) to eliminate excessive moisture in the rhizosphere matrix during drip irrigation. Second, the matrix and nutrient solution 1 planting matrix preparation Substrate cultivation is the most commonly used method for soilless cultivation of crops. It is also a good model for fruit-type sweet pepper planting. The product quality is good, the yield is high, clean and hygienic, the roots are less pests and diseases, no need of cultivating and weeding, and the labor intensity of cultivation management is relatively small. The formula of the soilless sweet pepper used by the author is: coconut cod, decomposed hibiscus, decomposed sheep manure, a total of 3 kinds of raw materials, the volume ratio is 1:1:1, using a mixer or artificial mixing, mix and use Formalin (40% formaldehyde solution) 50 times dilution of the wet solution for disinfection, while using the thiocarbamate (trade name "good winter") insecticide liquid 500 ~ 1000 times dilution together wet the substrate, Enhance the bactericidal and insecticidal effect. The substrate after drenching and disinfecting the disinfectant is covered with plastic film for 15-20 days under open air conditions, and the covered plastic film is uncovered 10 to 15 days before planting, so that the substrate is exposed to the wind and sun. After the substrate is placed in the cultivation tank, the seedlings can be planted. 2 nutrient solution preparation and use The fruit-type sweet pepper in the greenhouse cultivation advocates the use of drip irrigation system for integrated management of water and fertilizer, saving labor, water and water, and high efficiency and environmental protection. The nutrient solution formula for fertilization is mainly based on the absorption of nutrients by fruit-type sweet peppers combined with the water quality of the water used for irrigation. The authors have used the following formulas to prepare nutrient mother liquor for various years of production, and prepare mother liquor A and mother liquor B separately. The raw materials and quantities required for the preparation of mother liquor A and mother liquor B are shown in Table 1. The volume of the two mother liquor tanks is preferably 1000 L. When preparing the A mother liquor, weigh the required raw materials according to the data of the formulation of the mother liquor A in Table 1. Dissolve them in a small amount of water, pour them into the A mother liquor tank, and dilute the water to 1000 L. Also, according to the data of the formulation of the mother liquor B in Table 1, weighed the various raw materials required, dissolved in water, poured into the B mother liquor tank, and diluted with water to 1000 L. Each time the sweet pepper is fertilized, take 3 L of A and B nutrient mother liquors, and dilute 1000 times with water. It is best to adjust the pH value of the nutrient solution to 6.5-7.5. If the pH value is 7.0, the best is adjusted. The pH of the high nutrient solution can be neutralized by adding a dilute alkali solution such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. To lower the pH of the nutrient solution, dilute sulfuric acid or dilute nitric acid solution can be added to neutralize. The diluted nutrient solution is then applied to the cultivation tank substrate through a dropper of the irrigation system to supply the nutrients and moisture required by the crop plants. The EC value of the soluble salt concentration in the aqueous fertilizer solution was measured using a conductivity meter, and the pH was measured using an acid-base concentration meter. The formula nutrient solution is used for soilless cultivation of fruit-type sweet pepper in the greenhouse, the plant leaves and leaves grow robustly, the fruit yield is high, and the appearance and flavor quality are good. The water and fertilizer integration management of the production base adopts Israel Netfim (NETAFIM) drip fertigation system and Eldar-shany automatic fertigation system, extracts the nutrient mother liquor to the desired concentration, and then sets it in the computer. Set the time of fertilization or the amount of fertilizer, and fertilize the crops regularly or quantitatively. Table 1 Greenhouse fruit type sweet pepper soilless culture nutrition mother liquor formula Note: The data in the table is the amount of 1000 L mother liquor. Third, improved seedlings and nursery 1 Excellent variety The selection quality is good, the yield is high, the fruit shape is evenly large, and the fruit color is bright. The specific main varieties are as follows. 1.1 Mandy Plant growth potential is medium, short internodes, high fruit setting rate, fruit lantern shape, turn red when mature, fruit length 8 ~ 10 cm, diameter 9 ~ 10cm, single fruit weight 200 ~ 260 g, thick flesh, good appearance brightness, bright color , green fruit or red fruit can be harvested, resistant to storage, anti-tobacco mosaic virus disease, suitable for autumn and winter, early spring plastic greenhouse planting. 1.2 Taranto The plant has strong growth potential, short internodes, square fruit, yellowish after ripening, fruit length 10～12 cm, diameter 9～10 cm, single fruit weight 250～300 g, bright appearance, green fruit or yellow fruit harvesting, storage resistance , anti-tobacco mosaic virus disease, tomato spotted wilt virus disease and potato Y disease, suitable for early spring and spring and summer greenhouse cultivation. 1.3 Sun Red The plant has moderate growth potential, short internodes, high fruit setting rate, fruit lantern shape, red color after maturity, fruit length 8 ~ 10 cm, diameter 9 ~ 10cm, single fruit weight 200 ~ 250 g. The flesh is thick, the appearance is bright, the color is bright, the green fruit or red fruit can be harvested, resistant to storage, anti-tobacco mosaic virus disease and potato Y virus disease, heat-resistant, suitable for spring and summer plastic greenhouse cultivation. There are also varieties of mature fruits in the form of Fukang, Nile, Red Taiji, Safiro, yellow varieties, Jinguan, Jiali, Huang Taiji, Jinbao, orange-colored varieties of Simpson, can be planted for commercial production. . 2 sowing seedlings The seeds used for sowing seedlings are wrapped with gauze, and placed in hot water at 50-55 °C for 30 min. Then the seeds are immersed in water at a constant temperature of 28-30 °C for 4 h. After the seeds are removed, the water is removed. Percentage of potassium permanganate solution or 10% trisodium phosphate soaked for 20 min. Finally, rinse the seeds with tap water, rinse the liquid, spread the seeds on the wet gauze in the tray, and then cover with a layer of moist gauze. Into the incubator at 25 °C to germination. Seeds germinated for about 6 to 7 days. The germinated seeds are sown to a seedling tray that has been filled with nutrient soil, and the first germination is first sown. Seedlings can be used with 50-hole or 72-hole trays. The seedling substrate is mixed with peat, perlite and vermiculite in a volume ratio of 6:3:1. After the tray is filled into the substrate, the sprayer is used to spray water on the tray. The substrate in the well was completely soaked, then sown, the seeding depth was 1 cm, and 1 seed was planted per hole, and then covered with a layer of perlite and vermiculite with a thickness of about 0.5 cm. The seedling temperature is 25~30°C, and if the temperature is higher than 30°C, the seedlings are easy to grow. From the start of seed germination to 35 to 40 d, 5 to 6 true leaves and seedlings with a height of about 10 cm can be bred. This seedling can be used for colonization. In the nursery process, the temperature and moisture should be controlled. Only the small sprayer can be used to spray the water to replenish the water of the seedling tray substrate. The seedlings should be stopped for 3 days before the seedlings are transplanted. 3 production period Planting fruit-type sweet peppers in the greenhouse, because the top of the greenhouse is equipped with a sunshade system and a ventilation system. In summer and autumn, when the weather is high, the sunshade net can be stretched and the ventilation system can be cooled. Therefore, seedlings can be started in late June every year, in mid-July. It will be transplanted and planted in the next ten days, and will enter the harvesting period in early October. The harvesting period can last from late April to mid-May of the next year. For example, the greenhouse nursery time without curtain net system and ventilation system can be delayed until late July. Fourth, fine colonization The depth of the sweet pepper seedlings is determined by the roots of the seedlings with the nutritious soil, and the cotyledons cannot be buried. The row spacing of the cultivation trough is 150 cm, and the seedlings in the cultivation trough are planted in a single row. The planting distance is 30-35 cm. After the planting, the rooting water is drenched. After the planting is slowed down, the roots of the agricultural streptomycin 5000 times dilution are used to prevent the roots. The root disease, the root irrigation liquid was 200 mL/plant at a time, a total of 2 times, 15 days apart. V. Water and fertilizer management After 4 days of planting, the sweet pepper began to resume growth, and began to drip the nutrient solution. The nutrient solution was dripped 2 to 3 times a day for 5 minutes, and the humidity of the substrate could be controlled at about 80%. The EC concentration of the nutrient solution applied in the early stage of sweet pepper growth is 1.8-2.2. The EC value of the nutrient solution applied during the flowering stage should be 2.1-2.5, and the EC value of the nutrient solution applied during the fruit ripening period should be 2.4-2.8. The pH of the nutrient solution was adjusted to 6.5-7.5 throughout the growth process. Foliar topdressing has obvious effect on increasing the yield of fruit-type sweet pepper. Every 7-10 days, the foliar topdressing should be applied once. Each time spraying pesticide solution to control pests and diseases, foliar topdressing is also carried out. Foliar fertilizer is commonly used in urea (concentration is 0.2%), phosphoric acid. Potassium dihydrogen (concentration: 0.2%) or compound foliar fertilizer such as brassinolide (diluted 100,000 times) and rare earth foliar fertilizer (diluted 800 to 1000 times) sold in the agricultural market. The growing weeds in the cultivation trough should be removed in time to avoid weeds competing for fertilizer and water. Sixth, plant management 1 pruning The sweet pepper pruning adopts double main vine pruning, and two strong branches are selected to be double main vines in the branches of the main stem, and the other side branches are all cut off. Use a nylon rope to hang the vines, and lie about 50 cm at a height of 2.5 m above the cultivation trough. Erect two No. 10 iron wires in the direction of the cultivation trough planting line, and tie the end of the main stem to the ground with two 5 mm diameter nylon ropes. Then, two nylon ropes are separately wound clockwise around the two main vines, and the rope is pulled up in a "Y" shape. The angle between the two ropes is about 30 degrees, and the main vine is slanted upwards. Growth, so that 2 main vines can grow upright without sag, but can not overly pull the main vine, the other end of the nylon rope is fixed on the upper iron wire, and the plant grows with a nylon rope hanging from the main vine to wrap the growth of the main The vines allow the two main vines to grow longer than the erect. Except for the two main vines, the lateral branches and lateral buds of the whole growth period were removed. 2 pollination The ventilation and light conditions in the plastic greenhouse are relatively poor in the open field, and there is no pollination and pollination by insects such as bees. Therefore, the artificial pepper pollination is required after the sweet pepper production enters the flowering period. Artificial pollination using a plant growth regulator "p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid" (trade name "Tomato") in a concentration of 30 ~ 40 mg / L of dilute solution, using a brush to rub the liquid and gently point to the pistil of the blooming flower can. 3 in addition to the old leaves In order to reduce the waste of nutrition, the leaves growing in the lower part of the bell pepper plant should be removed in time. In the middle and late stages of the results, the old leaves and yellow leaves in the lower part of the plant were cut off to improve the light conditions, ventilation and light transmission, and improved photosynthetic efficiency and fruit appearance quality. 4 thin fruit The second section of the fruit-type sweet pepper begins to retain fruit. When the plant is strong (the diameter of the main stem is 1.5 cm or more, and the diameter of the middle part of the main vine is 1.0 cm or more), one fruit is separated by one node, and the plant grows in the middle and late stages. 2 fruits are reserved for 1 node. When the fruit grows to the size of the egg (about 3.5cm in diameter), the fruit is best. The fruit and the deformed fruit are removed, and the fruit with well-balanced and well-developed fruit is selected to obtain sufficient nutrition. . 7. Main pests and diseases and prevention Common diseases of planting fruit-type sweet peppers in greenhouses include blight, bacterial wilt, leaf spot, root rot, etc. The pests include Spodoptera litura, Liriomyza sativae, whitefly, aphids, thrips, and diamondback moth. The author uses pesticide control to combine with physical control methods such as yellow plates and light traps to control pests and diseases, using yellow plates and avermectins (such as "Aifuding"), thiamethoxam (such as "Aketai"), Imidacloprid (such as "Da Gongchen"), Bacillus thuringiensis, acetamiprid, etc. to control Liriomyza sativae, whitefly, aphids, thrips, diamondback moth. Use insecticidal nitrile (such as "division") to control Spodoptera litura, Pieris rapae, Liriomyza, Thrips, and mites. For diseases, leaf spot, blight, root rot, methyl thiophanate, carbendazim, chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, chlorfenapyr hydrochloride (such as "Pullik"), agricultural streptomycin can be used in turn. Such as prevention and treatment, the disease can be sprayed with fog by the metalaxyl dilution solution or the toxic manganese-zinc dilution solution; the concentration of the spray pesticide solution is prepared according to the recommended concentration of the package instructions. Eight, harvest After the sweet pepper fruit is stable, it can be harvested for about 60 days. When picking the fruit, cut the pepper fruit with scissors. The leaf can not leave the fruit stalk. The cut fruit retains the length of the fruit stalk about 1.5 cm. The cut should be smooth to prevent the pepper fruit. Injured, gently handled, and the inside of the harvesting box containing the peppercorns should be clean and dry. The automatic biochemical analyzer is an instrument that measures a specific chemical composition in body fluids according to the principle of photoelectric colorimetry. Due to its fast measurement speed, high accuracy and small consumption of reagents, it has been widely used in hospitals, epidemic prevention stations and family planning service stations at all levels. The combined use can greatly improve the efficiency and benefits of routine biochemical testing. Bio Chemistry Analyzer, Clinical Chemistry Analyzer, Blood Chemistry Analyzer,Urine Chemistry Analyzer Jilin Sinoscience Technology Co. LTD , https://www.jlgkscience.com
principle
The automatic analyzer is to automatically run all or part of the steps of sampling, mixing, warm bath (37°C) detection, result calculation, judgment, display and printing results and cleaning in the original manual operation process. Today, biochemical tests are basically automated analysis, and there are fully automatic biochemical analysis systems designed for large or very large clinical laboratories and commercial laboratories, which can be arbitrarily configured according to the laboratory's testing volume.
Whether it is the fastest-running (9600Test/h) modular fully automatic biochemical analyzer today, or the original manual-operated photoelectric colorimeter for colorimetry, the principle is the use of absorption spectroscopy in spectroscopic technology. It is the most basic core of the biochemical instrument.
Optical system: is a key part of ACA. Older ACA systems used halogen tungsten lamps, lenses, color filters, and photocell assemblies. The optical part of the new ACA system has been greatly improved. ACA's beam splitting system can be divided into front splitting and rear splitting due to different light positions. The advanced optical components use a set of lenses between the light source and the cuvette to convert the original light source. The light projected by the lamp passes through the cuvette to bring the beam to the speed of light (unlike traditional wedge beams), so that the spot beam can pass through even the smallest cuvette. Compared with traditional methods, it can save reagent consumption by 40-60%. After the spot beam passes through the cuvette, the spot beam is restored to the original beam through this group of restoration lenses (wide difference correction system), and is divided into several fixed wavelengths (about 10 or more wavelengths) by the grating. The optical/digital signal direct conversion technology is used to directly convert the optical signal in the optical path into a digital signal. It completely eliminates the interference of electromagnetic waves to the signal and the attenuation in the process of signal transmission. At the same time, the optical fiber is used in the signal transmission process, so that the signal can achieve no attenuation, and the test accuracy is improved by nearly 100 times. The closed combination of the optical path system makes the optical path without any maintenance, and the light splitting is accurate and the service life is long.
Constant temperature system: Since the temperature of the biochemical reaction has a great influence on the reaction results, the sensitivity and accuracy of the constant temperature system directly affect the measurement results. The early biochemical instruments used the method of air bath, and later developed into a dry bath with constant temperature liquid circulation which combines the advantages of dry air bath and water bath. The principle is to design a constant temperature tank around the cuvette, and add a stable constant temperature liquid that is odorless, non-polluting, non-evaporating and non-deteriorating in the tank. The constant temperature liquid has a large capacity, good thermal stability and uniformity. The cuvette does not directly contact the constant temperature liquid, which overcomes the characteristics of the water bath type constant temperature being susceptible to pollution and the uneven and unstable air bath.
Sample reaction stirring technology and probe technology: The traditional reaction stirring technology adopts magnetic bead type and vortex stirring type. The current popular stirring technology is a stirring unit composed of multiple groups of stirring rods that imitate the manual cleaning process. When the first group of stirring rods is stirring the sample/reagent or mixed solution, the second group of stirring rods performs high-speed and high-efficiency cleaning at the same time. The set of stirring bars also undergoes a warm water washing and air drying process at the same time. In the design of a single stirring rod, a new type of spiral high-speed rotating stirring is adopted, and the rotation direction is opposite to the spiral direction, thereby increasing the stirring force, the stirred liquid does not foam, and reducing the scattering of light by microbubbles. Reagent and sample probes are based on the principle of early capacitive sensing, but slightly improved to increase the alarm of blood clots and protein clots, and re-test results according to the alarm level, reducing sample aspiration errors and improving the reliability of test results. . Large-scale biochemical instruments can detect more than 1,000 tests per hour, so automatic retesting is very important. Subjective evaluation of test results and manual retesting can no longer meet clinical needs.
Other aspects: barcode recognition of reagents and samples and computer login. Due to the lack of barcode recognition function of early biochemical instruments, there are more opportunities for errors. In recent years, both imported and domestic chemical instruments have adopted barcode detection. The use of this technology in biochemical instruments has provided technical support for the development of high-speed ACA, and also made the instrument quite supportive. The software development is simple and easy, therefore, barcode detection is the basis for the intelligence of the instrument. Open reagents, as an important factor for hospitals to choose models, whether the instrument supports open reagents is very important. After the reagents are opened, hospitals and scientific research units can choose their own reagent suppliers, and have a greater degree of freedom in measuring the price, the reliability of the test results, and the validity period of the reagents. Ion Selective Electrode Analysis Accessory (ISE), human serum and urine electrolyte indicators are very important, and hospitals can save money by adding ISE to the ACA system.