Sanqi is a kind of Chinese medicinal material used for swelling, pain, hemoptysis and other symptoms. With the development of medicinal materials for only a few years, the number of people in Sanqi has also increased. The following Hui Nongwang Xiaobian will tell you about the key technologies of Sanqi rain-proof cultivation.

1 morphological characteristics

Sanqi is a perennial herb. Small leaves oblong to obovate-oblong, with fine hairs on both veins; stipules ovate or lanceolate. Umbels puberulous; stalks puberulose. Drupe-like berries, nearly kidney-shaped, bright red when cooked. Flowering period from June to August, fruiting period from August to October [8].

2 Ecological habits

Sanqixi is cool and hot, and the required light is usually 8%~20% of natural light. It is humid and afraid of water accumulation. It is cultivated at 20～25°N, 95～115°E, and altitude is 400～1 ​​800 m. Suitable mountain area; suitable annual average temperature 14～18 °C, the coldest monthly average temperature 6～12 °C, the hottest monthly average temperature 17～23 °C, ≥10 °C annual accumulated temperature 4 200～5 900 °C, annual precipitation 900～1 300 mm, frost-free period of more than 280 d; air relative humidity of 70% to 80%, soil water content of 25% to 30%; soil requirements are not strict, but over-viscous, sandy and low-lying areas are not suitable for planting, in irrigation and drainage It is convenient, deep in soil, loose and moist, rich in humus, pH 5.5-7.0, with a certain slope, and has not been planted in Sanya for at least 6 years. It has good growth in carbonate-rock and clastic mixed yellow-red soil [9] .

3 Seed selection and seed treatment

In the Sanqi Garden, which is 3 to 4 years old and has good growth and no pests and diseases, select healthy plants with tall, thick stems and wide leaves as the mother plants, and strengthen management [10]. Until around November, select the first and second batch of full-blown, disease-free mature fruits (red seeds) for seed retention. Put the red seeds in a bamboo sieve, remove the peel, wash and dry the surface. Disinfect the virus infection with 65% Dyson Zinc WP 400 times solution, or New High Fat Film, or 50% Thiobacillus WP 10,000 times solution for 10 minutes (can be mixed with seed coating agent) Repeling underground pests and diseases does not affect the germination and swelling function, but also enhances the breathing intensity and increases the seed germination rate. The seeds of Panax notoginseng are highly prone to loss of vitality after drying, so they should be stored with the seeding or in a layered treatment (the storage time is generally only 45 to 60 days) [11].

4 rain-proof cultivation techniques

4.1 Land preparation and land preparation

Choose yellow red soil or sandy loam soil with a slope of 5°～15°, good drainage, rich in organic matter and medium acidity. After the plot is selected, it will be leisurely for half a year, and 3 plows and 3 rafts will be carried out. The first ploughing will be carried out in the beginning of November, and once every 15 days, the plowing depth will be 30 cm, and the plots will be fully broken and turned to The pathogens and eggs in the soil layer are turned out of the soil surface and fully exposed to sunlight, reducing the number of pathogens and eggs in the next year and reducing the occurrence of pests and diseases. Conditions allow the soil to be sown before turning to the ground, or lime 750 ~ 1 050 kg / hm2 or 65% dipyridamole wettable powder 150 ~ 225 g / hm2, disinfect the soil. The last time the ploughshare was applied to the base fertilizer, the seedling plot was applied with 300 kg/hm2 of special fertilizer for the three-seven seedlings, 30 000 kg/hm2 for the decomposed organic fertilizer (farm fertilizer), and 300 kg/hm2 for the special fertilizer for the transplanted plot. , decomposed organic fertilizer (farm fertilizer) 37 500 kg / hm2, evenly mixed, fine and flat. To the south, the width is 1.2~1.5 m, the length depends on the terrain. The flat and gentle slopes are 20-15 cm high, and the slope bed is 15-20 cm high. The surface of the slope is made into a turtle shape, which is loose and solid. Permeability. In order to ensure the quality of Panax notoginseng, it is necessary to consider whether the pesticide residues and heavy metals in the soil exceed the standard. The limit standards are as follows: 666±0.2 mg/kg, DDT≤0.2 mg/kg, Pb≤50 mg/kg, Cu≤80 Mg/kg, Cd≤2 mg/kg, Hg≤l mg/kg, As≤20 mg/kg.

Set up a shed before planting. Using fir, mixed wood or bamboo as the pillar, the column length is 2.3 m, the stem is 5-10 cm thick, and the horizontal and vertical rows are 3.0 m×1.8 m, the depth of the soil is 50 cm, and the ground is 1.8 m high; the iron wire is 12 Straightening is fixed on the pillar, and the side column is diagonally reinforced with iron wire; firstly, a layer of white transparent rain-proof film is laid, and then a special plastic sunshade net of Sanqi is covered, and then one layer of light transmittance is increased (50%). The sunshade net of the left and right) (the light transmittance required for the 1, 2, and 3 years old Sanqi is 8% to 12%, 12% to 15%, 15% to 20%, respectively), and finally the "man" is used with the 8th iron wire. The glyph is tightened and fixed between the two pillars on the left and right, so that the shade is "M" shaped to facilitate wind and drainage.

4.2 Sowing

Seeding is carried out from December to January of the next year. After the seeds are sterilized, they are placed on a planting distance of 5 cm × 6 cm, and a small amount of mixed fertilizer (mixed with decomposed farmyard manure or mixed with other fertilizers) is applied and covered with a thin layer. Straw, mountain grass (straw and mountain grass must be cut into small pieces) or pine needles (the cover is disinfected with stone sulfur in advance), so that the bauxite or base fertilizer is not exposed, to maintain the wetness of the kneading surface and inhibit the growth of weeds. The plant uses 1.05 million to 1.5 million grains/hm2, which is equivalent to 150-180 kg/hm2 of fruit. After sowing, it is covered with white mulch, retaining water and reducing fertilizer, and increasing yield.

4.3 Uncovering the film

When the emergence rate is 50% and the seedling height is 1~2 cm, the seedlings are directly uncovered. The time is before 11:00 or after 16:00, and the roots are timely cultivated.

4.4 Seedling management and transplanting

When the weather is dry, it should be watered frequently, drained in time after rain, maintain 25% to 30% of soil water holding capacity, and regularly weed (disabling chemical herbicides) to ensure no weeds on the noodles and ditch. In the seedling stage, the topdressing fertilizer is mainly phosphate fertilizer, which is generally applied 3 times, respectively in the Miaoqi period in March, the leaf-expanding stage in June and the pre-transplanting stage in October. The top dressing time should be carried out after the dry dew on the sunny day. After the fertilization is over, Use a fine bamboo stalk to shake off the fertilizer on the leaf surface.

The seedlings are transplanted 1 year later and are carried out from December to January. When transplanting, do the seedlings, select the seedlings, and transplant the plants. When the seedlings are raised, the roots are prevented from being damaged, and when the seedlings are selected, the diseased seedlings, the injured seedlings, and the weak seedlings are removed, and the seedlings (sub-strips) are classified. Before planting, soak it with siasen zinc or polymycin, soak it out and dry it slightly, according to plant spacing (10 cm × 12.5 cm) ~ (10 cm × 15 cm), density of 390,000 ~ 480,000 plants / h M2 is planted. When planting, the bud head is facing the top of the slope, and the root of the strip is naturally stretched, and the seedlings are placed from low to high with the slope. After planting, cover the fine soil and cover with straw, mountain grass or pine needles, and pour the root water to cover the white mulch.

4.5 Field Management

4.5.1 Putting seedlings and seedlings When the Sanqi is in the form of barbed top soil, the seedlings are planted and the bacon is broken, and a comprehensive inspection is carried out at the same time. If the dead plants are found to be dead, they should be removed and replenished in time.

4.5.2 Weeding and soiling Panax notoginseng is a shallow root plant, and the root system is mostly distributed on the surface layer of the plot. Therefore, it is not suitable for cultivating to avoid root damage. After the seedlings are unearthed, the weeds in the noodles should be removed in time, and the roots and roots exposed to the ground should be cultivated.

4.5.3 Moisture management In case of drought, it is necessary to pay attention to watering, keep the surface moist, and should be carried out in the morning or evening; drain the sputum in time to avoid root rot and other diseases. Avoid persistent drought or long-term water accumulation, and keep the soil water holding capacity about 25%.

4.5.4 Topdressing and topdressing is mainly based on decomposed organic fertilizer, supplemented by compound fertilizer and various trace element fertilizers. It is forbidden to use nitrate nitrogen fertilizer and human excrement. The topdressing was carried out once in April-June and August-October, respectively, with an application rate of 37 500 kg/hm2. The demand for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in Panax notoginseng depends on the soil fertility status and each growth period, generally 2:1:3 (all year). It is recommended to use the special fertilizer of Panax notoginseng, and it can also be used together with organic fertilizer.

4.5.5 When the buds are not harvested with red seeds, when the buds of the March 7th are 3 to 5 cm in the middle and late July, the sun is selected for manual removal. The removal of flower buds can reduce the nutrient consumption of above-ground parts and concentrate on the supply of underground roots, which plays an important role in improving the root yield and total saponin content of Panax notoginseng.

4.5.6 Pest Control The diseases of Panax notoginseng include root rot, black spot and primary spot disease. Root rot is irrigated with 58% toxic mycorrhizal WP or 50% carbendazim WP 300-500 times, combined with spraying high-strength lipid film to enhance the control effect, or 10% leaf dry WP + 70% dipyridamole wettable powder + fine soil (1 kg: 1 kg: 150 kg) is better for toxic soil treatment; black spot disease can be used 40% mancozeb WP 500 times or 58% Pythium The WP can be sprayed with 1000 times of liquid spray, or mixed with 45% of the sensible WP and 80% of the sensible WP, and then sprayed with 600 times. The original spot can be 58% of the bacterium. The zinc wettable powder 800 times liquid or the 65% dasen zinc wettable powder 500 times liquid is sprayed once every 7 days, and continuously sprayed 2 to 3 times.

The insect pests of Panax notoginseng are mainly aphids, red spiders and scale insects. Aphids can be sprayed with 3% acetamiprid emulsifiable concentrate 1500 times or 50% anti-Puls WP 2,000 times solution; red spider can spray 0.2-0.3 Baumeite sulphur mixture after the end of March, every 7 d spray once, for 2 to 3 times in a row, in the peak period from June to July, spray 5% thiazolone EC 2 000 ~ 4 000 times solution; scale insects can use 25% buprofezin in young age Suspending agent or 40% speed emulsification oil 1 000 ~ 2 000 times liquid spray control.

5 harvesting processing

5.1 Harvest time

Chun Sanqi (without seeding) roots were excavated in September-December, and winter Sanqi (retained) roots were excavated in November-December (20-30 days after red seed picking). The picking time of red seeds, stems and leaves and flowers is from October to November, from September to December, and in mid-to-late July.

5.2 Harvesting method

Roots: Use the homemade bamboo strips or wooden sticks to sharpen the edges and then dig them from the side of the dough to the other side. If the soil is too dry and knotted, it can be dug after 3 days of dripping. The roots should be prevented when digging, so that the roots are intact. Mechanical damage or diseased roots must be stored separately. Red seed: When the fruit turns from green to red and is shiny, it matures. It can be picked and stored in batches, or it can be harvested after all red. Stems and leaves: Choose healthy stems and leaves, cut off 2 to 4 cm from the ground. Flower: When the flower bud grows to a diameter of 3 to 5 cm, it is removed at the base of the flower bud.

5.3 Initial processing

Roots: According to the process of “Fresh Sanqi Sorting→Cleaning→Pruning→Drying→Polishing→Grading”. First, remove the roots, leaves and impurities; quickly wash with drinking water to remove the sediment; then, remove the hair roots with a diameter of less than 5 mm; dry or dry at 50 ~ 60 °C to a moisture content of 40% to 50%; Cut the roots and reeds at a height of 4 to 6 mm above the surface of the main root, so that the trimmed mouth and the surface of the main root are flush after drying; the main root, the reed, the root and the root are respectively aired or placed at 40-50 Bake and dry to a water content of 13% or less at °C; polish the main root and the polishing material together with a polishing device (rough, rice, buckwheat, dried pine needles, etc.) until the main root surface is brownish black, which is the finished product; Finally, grade according to relevant requirements.

Red seeds: treated with seeds.

Stems and leaves: After soaking for 2 to 3 hours in 0.1% dilute hydrochloric acid or 2% quicklime, rinse with running drinking water, and finally bake at 30 to 60 °C until the water content is below 10%.

Flower: After rinsing with running purified water, it is dried to a moisture content of 10% or less.

6 packaging and storage

The finished product must be packaged in a dry, clean, odor-free, non-polluting container that does not affect quality (such as bamboo products, cartons, woven bags, sacks, etc.) and labeled with the product name, grade, and net. Quality, gross quality, origin, date of manufacture and implementation standards.

The product should be stored separately in a clean, dry, ventilated, odor-free and non-polluting warehouse. Products with a moisture content of more than 13% are not allowed to enter the warehouse.

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